Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs

Mechanical energy in lakes is present in various types of water motion, including turbulent flows, surface and internal waves. The major source of kinetic energy is wind forcing at the water surface. Although a small portion of the vertical wind energy flux in the atmosphere is transferred to water,...

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Autores principales:	Sofya Guseva, Peter Casper, Torsten Sachs, Uwe Spank, Andreas Lorke
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	energy fluxes energy content lakes reservoirs internal waves surface waves Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1bc85b176b684d9a9fca6ce8c2ae87f1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1bc85b176b684d9a9fca6ce8c2ae87f12021-11-25T19:16:12ZEnergy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs10.3390/w132232702073-4441https://doaj.org/article/1bc85b176b684d9a9fca6ce8c2ae87f12021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3270https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Mechanical energy in lakes is present in various types of water motion, including turbulent flows, surface and internal waves. The major source of kinetic energy is wind forcing at the water surface. Although a small portion of the vertical wind energy flux in the atmosphere is transferred to water, it is crucial for physical, biogeochemical and ecological processes in lentic ecosystems. To examine energy fluxes and energy content in surface and internal waves, we analyze extensive datasets of air- and water-side measurements collected at two small water bodies (<10 km<sup>2</sup>). For the first time we use directly measured atmospheric momentum fluxes. The estimated energy fluxes and content agree well with results reported for larger lakes, suggesting that the energetics governing water motions in enclosed basins is similar, independent of basin size. The largest fraction of wind energy flux is transferred to surface waves and increases strongly nonlinearly for wind speeds exceeding 3 m s<sup>−1</sup>. The energy content is largest in basin-scale and high-frequency internal waves but shows seasonal variability and varies among aquatic systems. At one of the study sites, energy dissipation rates varied diurnally, suggesting biogenic turbulence, which appears to be a widespread phenomenon in lakes and reservoirs.Sofya GusevaPeter CasperTorsten SachsUwe SpankAndreas LorkeMDPI AGarticleenergy fluxesenergy contentlakesreservoirsinternal wavessurface wavesHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3270, p 3270 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	energy fluxes energy content lakes reservoirs internal waves surface waves Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	energy fluxes energy content lakes reservoirs internal waves surface waves Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Sofya Guseva Peter Casper Torsten Sachs Uwe Spank Andreas Lorke Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs
description	Mechanical energy in lakes is present in various types of water motion, including turbulent flows, surface and internal waves. The major source of kinetic energy is wind forcing at the water surface. Although a small portion of the vertical wind energy flux in the atmosphere is transferred to water, it is crucial for physical, biogeochemical and ecological processes in lentic ecosystems. To examine energy fluxes and energy content in surface and internal waves, we analyze extensive datasets of air- and water-side measurements collected at two small water bodies (<10 km<sup>2</sup>). For the first time we use directly measured atmospheric momentum fluxes. The estimated energy fluxes and content agree well with results reported for larger lakes, suggesting that the energetics governing water motions in enclosed basins is similar, independent of basin size. The largest fraction of wind energy flux is transferred to surface waves and increases strongly nonlinearly for wind speeds exceeding 3 m s<sup>−1</sup>. The energy content is largest in basin-scale and high-frequency internal waves but shows seasonal variability and varies among aquatic systems. At one of the study sites, energy dissipation rates varied diurnally, suggesting biogenic turbulence, which appears to be a widespread phenomenon in lakes and reservoirs.
format	article
author	Sofya Guseva Peter Casper Torsten Sachs Uwe Spank Andreas Lorke
author_facet	Sofya Guseva Peter Casper Torsten Sachs Uwe Spank Andreas Lorke
author_sort	Sofya Guseva
title	Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs
title_short	Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs
title_full	Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs
title_fullStr	Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs
title_full_unstemmed	Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs
title_sort	energy flux paths in lakes and reservoirs
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1bc85b176b684d9a9fca6ce8c2ae87f1
work_keys_str_mv	AT sofyaguseva energyfluxpathsinlakesandreservoirs AT petercasper energyfluxpathsinlakesandreservoirs AT torstensachs energyfluxpathsinlakesandreservoirs AT uwespank energyfluxpathsinlakesandreservoirs AT andreaslorke energyfluxpathsinlakesandreservoirs
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Energy Flux Paths in Lakes and Reservoirs

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