Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids

Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments with substantial health benefits. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids, especially toward lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. As such, there are few reports on the evaluation and comparison of th...

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Autores principales:	Yuki Manabe, Nami Tomonaga, Takashi Maoka, Tatsuya Sugawara
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	carotenoid retinoid Toll-like receptor cytokine non-infectious inflammation anti-inflammatory activity Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1c29651c97104bc381fe670eae4d546e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1c29651c97104bc381fe670eae4d546e2021-11-25T18:33:16ZMultivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids10.3390/nu131136992072-6643https://doaj.org/article/1c29651c97104bc381fe670eae4d546e2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3699https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments with substantial health benefits. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids, especially toward lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. As such, there are few reports on the evaluation and comparison of the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids against inflammation induced by other stimuli. In this study, we used pathogen-associated molecular patterns, proinflammatory cytokines, degenerated proteins, and chemical irritants as inflammatory inducers to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of eight different carotenoids. Each carotenoid showed characteristic anti-inflammatory activities; thus, we conducted a multivariate analysis to clarify the differences among them. Unsubstituted β-ring (i.e., provitamin A) and C8-keto structures of carotenoids were found to be crucial for their inhibitory effects on the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and interferon regulatory factors, respectively. Furthermore, we found that β-carotene and echinenone treatment increased intracellular retinoid levels in monocytes and that the retinoids showed the similar activities to β-carotene and echinenone. Taken together, the intake of both provitamin A and C8-keto carotenoids (e.g., siphonaxanthin and fucoxanthin) might be effective in improving the inflammatory status of individuals. A multivariate analysis of anti-inflammatory activities is a useful method for characterizing anti-inflammatory compounds.Yuki ManabeNami TomonagaTakashi MaokaTatsuya SugawaraMDPI AGarticlecarotenoidretinoidToll-like receptorcytokinenon-infectious inflammationanti-inflammatory activityNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENNutrients, Vol 13, Iss 3699, p 3699 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	carotenoid retinoid Toll-like receptor cytokine non-infectious inflammation anti-inflammatory activity Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	carotenoid retinoid Toll-like receptor cytokine non-infectious inflammation anti-inflammatory activity Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Yuki Manabe Nami Tomonaga Takashi Maoka Tatsuya Sugawara Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids
description	Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments with substantial health benefits. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids, especially toward lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. As such, there are few reports on the evaluation and comparison of the anti-inflammatory activities of carotenoids against inflammation induced by other stimuli. In this study, we used pathogen-associated molecular patterns, proinflammatory cytokines, degenerated proteins, and chemical irritants as inflammatory inducers to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of eight different carotenoids. Each carotenoid showed characteristic anti-inflammatory activities; thus, we conducted a multivariate analysis to clarify the differences among them. Unsubstituted β-ring (i.e., provitamin A) and C8-keto structures of carotenoids were found to be crucial for their inhibitory effects on the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and interferon regulatory factors, respectively. Furthermore, we found that β-carotene and echinenone treatment increased intracellular retinoid levels in monocytes and that the retinoids showed the similar activities to β-carotene and echinenone. Taken together, the intake of both provitamin A and C8-keto carotenoids (e.g., siphonaxanthin and fucoxanthin) might be effective in improving the inflammatory status of individuals. A multivariate analysis of anti-inflammatory activities is a useful method for characterizing anti-inflammatory compounds.
format	article
author	Yuki Manabe Nami Tomonaga Takashi Maoka Tatsuya Sugawara
author_facet	Yuki Manabe Nami Tomonaga Takashi Maoka Tatsuya Sugawara
author_sort	Yuki Manabe
title	Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids
title_short	Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids
title_full	Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids
title_fullStr	Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids
title_full_unstemmed	Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids
title_sort	multivariate analysis reveals that unsubstituted β-ring and c8-keto structures are important factors for anti-inflammatory activity of carotenoids
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1c29651c97104bc381fe670eae4d546e
work_keys_str_mv	AT yukimanabe multivariateanalysisrevealsthatunsubstitutedbringandc8ketostructuresareimportantfactorsforantiinflammatoryactivityofcarotenoids AT namitomonaga multivariateanalysisrevealsthatunsubstitutedbringandc8ketostructuresareimportantfactorsforantiinflammatoryactivityofcarotenoids AT takashimaoka multivariateanalysisrevealsthatunsubstitutedbringandc8ketostructuresareimportantfactorsforantiinflammatoryactivityofcarotenoids AT tatsuyasugawara multivariateanalysisrevealsthatunsubstitutedbringandc8ketostructuresareimportantfactorsforantiinflammatoryactivityofcarotenoids
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Multivariate Analysis Reveals That Unsubstituted β-Ring and C8-Keto Structures Are Important Factors for Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Carotenoids

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