Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism

ABSTRACT Amylostereum areolatum is the symbiotic fungus of the Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a globally invasive species. The mutualistic symbiont is associated with the woodwasp, assisting the damage process and providing nutrition for its insect partners. Colonization and growth of A. areolat...

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Autores principales:	Ningning Fu, Ming Wang, Lixiang Wang, Youqing Luo, Lili Ren
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	secondary metabolism Amylostereum areolatum Sirex noctilio (F.) cell wall-degrading enzymes genome virulence Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1d26139474cf457e8501c3bc42b53337
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1d26139474cf457e8501c3bc42b533372021-11-15T15:30:16ZGenome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism10.1128/mSphere.00301-202379-5042https://doaj.org/article/1d26139474cf457e8501c3bc42b533372020-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00301-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Amylostereum areolatum is the symbiotic fungus of the Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a globally invasive species. The mutualistic symbiont is associated with the woodwasp, assisting the damage process and providing nutrition for its insect partners. Colonization and growth of A. areolatum have essential impacts on the development and spread of S. noctilio, though the mechanism of interaction between the two has been poorly described. In this study, the first genome of this symbiotic fungus was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The assembled A. areolatum genome was 57.5 Mb (54.51% GC content) with 15,611 protein-coding genes. We identified 580 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 661 genes associated with pathogen-host interactions, and 318 genes encoding transport proteins in total. The genome annotation revealed 10 terpene/phytoene synthases responsible for terpenoid biosynthesis, which could be classified into three clades. Terpene synthase gene clusters in clade II were conserved well across Russulales. In this cluster, genes encoding mevalonate kinase (MK), EGR12 (COG1557), and nonplant terpene cyclases (cd00687) were the known biosynthesis and regulatory genes. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus. The wasps might protect the fungus before it was introduced into a suitable host substrate by oviposition, while the fungus would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis. IMPORTANCE Sirex noctilio (F.), together with Amylostereum areolatum, a wood-decaying symbiotic fungus, causes severe damage to Pinus species worldwide. In China, it causes extensive death of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica). There is an obligate dependency mutualism between the woodwasp and its fungus. Studies have suggested that the fungal growth rate affected the size of the wasps: larger adults emerged from sites with a higher fungus growth rate. This genome is the first reported genome sequence of a woodwasp symbiotic fungus. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus and that it would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and with nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis.Ningning FuMing WangLixiang WangYouqing LuoLili RenAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticlesecondary metabolismAmylostereum areolatumSirex noctilio (F.)cell wall-degrading enzymesgenomevirulenceMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	secondary metabolism Amylostereum areolatum Sirex noctilio (F.) cell wall-degrading enzymes genome virulence Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	secondary metabolism Amylostereum areolatum Sirex noctilio (F.) cell wall-degrading enzymes genome virulence Microbiology QR1-502 Ningning Fu Ming Wang Lixiang Wang Youqing Luo Lili Ren Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism
description	ABSTRACT Amylostereum areolatum is the symbiotic fungus of the Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a globally invasive species. The mutualistic symbiont is associated with the woodwasp, assisting the damage process and providing nutrition for its insect partners. Colonization and growth of A. areolatum have essential impacts on the development and spread of S. noctilio, though the mechanism of interaction between the two has been poorly described. In this study, the first genome of this symbiotic fungus was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The assembled A. areolatum genome was 57.5 Mb (54.51% GC content) with 15,611 protein-coding genes. We identified 580 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 661 genes associated with pathogen-host interactions, and 318 genes encoding transport proteins in total. The genome annotation revealed 10 terpene/phytoene synthases responsible for terpenoid biosynthesis, which could be classified into three clades. Terpene synthase gene clusters in clade II were conserved well across Russulales. In this cluster, genes encoding mevalonate kinase (MK), EGR12 (COG1557), and nonplant terpene cyclases (cd00687) were the known biosynthesis and regulatory genes. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus. The wasps might protect the fungus before it was introduced into a suitable host substrate by oviposition, while the fungus would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis. IMPORTANCE Sirex noctilio (F.), together with Amylostereum areolatum, a wood-decaying symbiotic fungus, causes severe damage to Pinus species worldwide. In China, it causes extensive death of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica). There is an obligate dependency mutualism between the woodwasp and its fungus. Studies have suggested that the fungal growth rate affected the size of the wasps: larger adults emerged from sites with a higher fungus growth rate. This genome is the first reported genome sequence of a woodwasp symbiotic fungus. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus and that it would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and with nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis.
format	article
author	Ningning Fu Ming Wang Lixiang Wang Youqing Luo Lili Ren
author_facet	Ningning Fu Ming Wang Lixiang Wang Youqing Luo Lili Ren
author_sort	Ningning Fu
title	Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism
title_short	Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism
title_full	Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism
title_fullStr	Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism
title_full_unstemmed	Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism
title_sort	genome sequencing and analysis of the fungal symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: revealing the biology of fungus-insect mutualism
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/1d26139474cf457e8501c3bc42b53337
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Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Sirex noctilio</named-content>, <named-content content-type="genus-species">Amylostereum areolatum</named-content>: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism

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