Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more...

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Autores principales:	Tycho J. Dekkers, Rianne Hornstra, Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, Suzanne R. C. de Jong, Jessica V. Schaaf, Guy Bosmans, Saskia van der Oord
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) attachment children parenting story stem parent–child relationship Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1d3a1e2d64b64c9bb2bbec4eb818af0d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1d3a1e2d64b64c9bb2bbec4eb818af0d2021-11-25T16:58:51ZAttachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)10.3390/brainsci111115162076-3425https://doaj.org/article/1d3a1e2d64b64c9bb2bbec4eb818af0d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1516https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3425Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more often grow up under suboptimal circumstances, which may impact the development of their attachment representations. Here, we investigated whether children with ADHD have more insecure and disorganized attachment representations than their typically developing peers, and which factors could explain this association. We included 104 children between 4 and 11 years old, 74 with ADHD (without Conduct Disorder) and 30 typically developing control children. Children completed a state-of-the-art story stem task to assess their attachment representation, and we measured parents’ expressed emotion (as an index of parent–child relationship quality), parents’ perceived sense of competence, parental education levels, and parent-rated ODD symptoms of the child. We found that, after controlling for multiple comparisons, children with ADHD had less secure and more ambivalent and disorganized attachment representations relative to their typically developing peers. These group differences were independent of comorbid ODD and parental education levels. There were no group differences on avoidant attachment representations. Explorative analyses within the ADHD group showed that attachment representations were not related to parent–child relationship quality, perceived parenting competence, parental education levels, and comorbid ODD symptoms. We conclude that children with ADHD disproportionately often have attachment problems. Although this conclusion is important, treatment implications of this co-occurrence are yet unclear as research on ADHD and attachment is still in its infancy.Tycho J. DekkersRianne HornstraBarbara J. van den HoofdakkerSuzanne R. C. de JongJessica V. SchaafGuy BosmansSaskia van der OordMDPI AGarticleAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)attachmentchildrenparentingstory stemparent–child relationshipNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENBrain Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 1516, p 1516 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) attachment children parenting story stem parent–child relationship Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) attachment children parenting story stem parent–child relationship Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Tycho J. Dekkers Rianne Hornstra Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker Suzanne R. C. de Jong Jessica V. Schaaf Guy Bosmans Saskia van der Oord Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
description	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more often grow up under suboptimal circumstances, which may impact the development of their attachment representations. Here, we investigated whether children with ADHD have more insecure and disorganized attachment representations than their typically developing peers, and which factors could explain this association. We included 104 children between 4 and 11 years old, 74 with ADHD (without Conduct Disorder) and 30 typically developing control children. Children completed a state-of-the-art story stem task to assess their attachment representation, and we measured parents’ expressed emotion (as an index of parent–child relationship quality), parents’ perceived sense of competence, parental education levels, and parent-rated ODD symptoms of the child. We found that, after controlling for multiple comparisons, children with ADHD had less secure and more ambivalent and disorganized attachment representations relative to their typically developing peers. These group differences were independent of comorbid ODD and parental education levels. There were no group differences on avoidant attachment representations. Explorative analyses within the ADHD group showed that attachment representations were not related to parent–child relationship quality, perceived parenting competence, parental education levels, and comorbid ODD symptoms. We conclude that children with ADHD disproportionately often have attachment problems. Although this conclusion is important, treatment implications of this co-occurrence are yet unclear as research on ADHD and attachment is still in its infancy.
format	article
author	Tycho J. Dekkers Rianne Hornstra Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker Suzanne R. C. de Jong Jessica V. Schaaf Guy Bosmans Saskia van der Oord
author_facet	Tycho J. Dekkers Rianne Hornstra Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker Suzanne R. C. de Jong Jessica V. Schaaf Guy Bosmans Saskia van der Oord
author_sort	Tycho J. Dekkers
title	Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_short	Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_full	Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_fullStr	Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_full_unstemmed	Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_sort	attachment representations in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1d3a1e2d64b64c9bb2bbec4eb818af0d
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Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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