High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial

Abstract The retinal microcirculation is increasingly receiving credit as a relatively easily accessible microcirculatory bed that correlates closely with clinical cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of high salt (NaCl) intake on the retinal microcirculation is currently unknown. Therefore, we perfo...

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Autores principales:	Eliane F. E. Wenstedt, Lisanne Beugelink, Esmee M. Schrooten, Emma Rademaker, Nienke M. G. Rorije, Rosa D. Wouda, Reinier O. Schlingemann, Tien Y. Wong, Liffert Vogt
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1db0bad590d0406494fa363c6ccaeaef
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1db0bad590d0406494fa363c6ccaeaef2021-12-02T15:22:56ZHigh-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial10.1038/s41598-020-79753-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/1db0bad590d0406494fa363c6ccaeaef2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79753-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The retinal microcirculation is increasingly receiving credit as a relatively easily accessible microcirculatory bed that correlates closely with clinical cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of high salt (NaCl) intake on the retinal microcirculation is currently unknown. Therefore, we performed an exploratory randomized cross-over dietary intervention study in 18 healthy males. All subjects adhered to a two-week high-salt diet and low-salt diet, in randomized order, after which fundus photographs were taken and assessed using a semi-automated computer-assisted program (SIVA, version 4.0). Outcome parameters involved retinal venular and arteriolar tortuosity, vessel diameter, branching angle and fractal dimension. At baseline, participants had a mean (SD) age of 29.8 (4.4) years and blood pressure of 117 (9)/73 (5) mmHg. Overall, high-salt diet significantly increased venular tortuosity (12.2%, p = 0.001). Other retinal parameters were not significantly different between diets. Changes in arteriolar tortuosity correlated with changes in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (r = − 0.513; p = 0.04). In conclusion, high-salt diet increases retinal venular tortuosity, and salt-induced increases in ambulatory systolic blood pressure associate with decreases in retinal arteriolar tortuosity. Besides potential eye-specific consequences, both phenomena have previously been associated with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, underlining the deleterious microcirculatory effects of high salt intake.Eliane F. E. WenstedtLisanne BeugelinkEsmee M. SchrootenEmma RademakerNienke M. G. RorijeRosa D. WoudaReinier O. SchlingemannTien Y. WongLiffert VogtNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Eliane F. E. Wenstedt Lisanne Beugelink Esmee M. Schrooten Emma Rademaker Nienke M. G. Rorije Rosa D. Wouda Reinier O. Schlingemann Tien Y. Wong Liffert Vogt High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
description	Abstract The retinal microcirculation is increasingly receiving credit as a relatively easily accessible microcirculatory bed that correlates closely with clinical cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of high salt (NaCl) intake on the retinal microcirculation is currently unknown. Therefore, we performed an exploratory randomized cross-over dietary intervention study in 18 healthy males. All subjects adhered to a two-week high-salt diet and low-salt diet, in randomized order, after which fundus photographs were taken and assessed using a semi-automated computer-assisted program (SIVA, version 4.0). Outcome parameters involved retinal venular and arteriolar tortuosity, vessel diameter, branching angle and fractal dimension. At baseline, participants had a mean (SD) age of 29.8 (4.4) years and blood pressure of 117 (9)/73 (5) mmHg. Overall, high-salt diet significantly increased venular tortuosity (12.2%, p = 0.001). Other retinal parameters were not significantly different between diets. Changes in arteriolar tortuosity correlated with changes in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (r = − 0.513; p = 0.04). In conclusion, high-salt diet increases retinal venular tortuosity, and salt-induced increases in ambulatory systolic blood pressure associate with decreases in retinal arteriolar tortuosity. Besides potential eye-specific consequences, both phenomena have previously been associated with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, underlining the deleterious microcirculatory effects of high salt intake.
format	article
author	Eliane F. E. Wenstedt Lisanne Beugelink Esmee M. Schrooten Emma Rademaker Nienke M. G. Rorije Rosa D. Wouda Reinier O. Schlingemann Tien Y. Wong Liffert Vogt
author_facet	Eliane F. E. Wenstedt Lisanne Beugelink Esmee M. Schrooten Emma Rademaker Nienke M. G. Rorije Rosa D. Wouda Reinier O. Schlingemann Tien Y. Wong Liffert Vogt
author_sort	Eliane F. E. Wenstedt
title	High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
title_short	High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
title_full	High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
title_fullStr	High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
title_full_unstemmed	High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
title_sort	high-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1db0bad590d0406494fa363c6ccaeaef
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High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial

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