Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health

The risks of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (P&EDC) to the environment and human health are a current topic of interest. Hundreds of P&EDC may reach the environment, hence, there is a need to rank the level of concern of human exposure to these compounds. Thus, this work...

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Autores principales:	Sérgio Francisco de Aquino, Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt, Sue Ellen Costa Bottrel, Fernanda Bento Rosa Gomes, Silvana de Queiroz Silva
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	antibiotics drinking water contaminants of emerging concern hormones antimicrobial resistance quantitative chemical risk assessment Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1dca9132507a4e98a448c6fd52b6738c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1dca9132507a4e98a448c6fd52b6738c2021-11-25T17:48:08ZOccurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health10.3390/ijerph1822117651660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/1dca9132507a4e98a448c6fd52b6738c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/11765https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The risks of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (P&EDC) to the environment and human health are a current topic of interest. Hundreds of P&EDC may reach the environment, hence, there is a need to rank the level of concern of human exposure to these compounds. Thus, this work aimed at setting a priority list of P&EDC in Brazil, by studying their occurrence in raw and drinking water, calculating health guideline values (GV), and estimating the risks of population exposure to water intake. Data on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market as well as published data of the monitoring of Brazilian natural and drinking water have been collected by means of an exhaustive literature review. Furthermore, many foreign data were also collected to enable a comparison of the values found in Brazilian studies. A list of 55 P&EDC that have the potential to be found in Brazilian water is proposed, and for 41 of these a risk assessment was performed by estimating their margin of exposure (ME), by considering their occurrence in drinking water, and guideline values estimated from reported acceptable daily intake (ADI) data. For seven compounds the risk was deemed high (three estrogens and four anti-inflammatories), whereas for another seven compounds, it was regarded as an ‘alert’ situation. Although such risk analysis is conservative, since it has been calculated based on the highest reported P&EDC concentration in drinking water, it highlights the need to enhance their monitoring in Brazil to strengthen the database and support decision makers. An analysis of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance agents (antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes) in surface waters was also carried out and confirmed that such agents are present in water sources throughout Brazil, which deserves the attention of policy makers and health agents to prevent dissemination of antimicrobial resistance through water use.Sérgio Francisco de AquinoEmanuel Manfred Freire BrandtSue Ellen Costa BottrelFernanda Bento Rosa GomesSilvana de Queiroz SilvaMDPI AGarticleantibioticsdrinking watercontaminants of emerging concernhormonesantimicrobial resistancequantitative chemical risk assessmentMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11765, p 11765 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibiotics drinking water contaminants of emerging concern hormones antimicrobial resistance quantitative chemical risk assessment Medicine R
spellingShingle	antibiotics drinking water contaminants of emerging concern hormones antimicrobial resistance quantitative chemical risk assessment Medicine R Sérgio Francisco de Aquino Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt Sue Ellen Costa Bottrel Fernanda Bento Rosa Gomes Silvana de Queiroz Silva Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health
description	The risks of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (P&EDC) to the environment and human health are a current topic of interest. Hundreds of P&EDC may reach the environment, hence, there is a need to rank the level of concern of human exposure to these compounds. Thus, this work aimed at setting a priority list of P&EDC in Brazil, by studying their occurrence in raw and drinking water, calculating health guideline values (GV), and estimating the risks of population exposure to water intake. Data on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market as well as published data of the monitoring of Brazilian natural and drinking water have been collected by means of an exhaustive literature review. Furthermore, many foreign data were also collected to enable a comparison of the values found in Brazilian studies. A list of 55 P&EDC that have the potential to be found in Brazilian water is proposed, and for 41 of these a risk assessment was performed by estimating their margin of exposure (ME), by considering their occurrence in drinking water, and guideline values estimated from reported acceptable daily intake (ADI) data. For seven compounds the risk was deemed high (three estrogens and four anti-inflammatories), whereas for another seven compounds, it was regarded as an ‘alert’ situation. Although such risk analysis is conservative, since it has been calculated based on the highest reported P&EDC concentration in drinking water, it highlights the need to enhance their monitoring in Brazil to strengthen the database and support decision makers. An analysis of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance agents (antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes) in surface waters was also carried out and confirmed that such agents are present in water sources throughout Brazil, which deserves the attention of policy makers and health agents to prevent dissemination of antimicrobial resistance through water use.
format	article
author	Sérgio Francisco de Aquino Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt Sue Ellen Costa Bottrel Fernanda Bento Rosa Gomes Silvana de Queiroz Silva
author_facet	Sérgio Francisco de Aquino Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt Sue Ellen Costa Bottrel Fernanda Bento Rosa Gomes Silvana de Queiroz Silva
author_sort	Sérgio Francisco de Aquino
title	Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health
title_short	Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health
title_full	Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health
title_fullStr	Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health
title_full_unstemmed	Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health
title_sort	occurrence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in brazilian water and the risks they may represent to human health
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1dca9132507a4e98a448c6fd52b6738c
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Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health

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