Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>

The feeding behavior in fish is a complex activity that relies on the ability of the brain to integrate multiple signals to produce appropriate responses in terms of food intake, energy expenditure, and metabolic activity. Upon stress cues including viral infection or mediators such as the proinflam...

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Autores principales:	David Muñoz, Ricardo Fuentes, Beatriz Carnicero, Andrea Aguilar, Nataly Sanhueza, Sergio San-Martin, Cristian Agurto, Andrea Donoso, Leonardo E. Valdivia, Jesús M. Miguez, Lluis Tort, Sebastián Boltana
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	feeding behavior lipid metabolism inflammation infection Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1e0076ef803e41068597c48c54be850e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1e0076ef803e41068597c48c54be850e2021-11-11T16:51:57ZViral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>10.3390/ijms2221113911422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/1e0076ef803e41068597c48c54be850e2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11391https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067The feeding behavior in fish is a complex activity that relies on the ability of the brain to integrate multiple signals to produce appropriate responses in terms of food intake, energy expenditure, and metabolic activity. Upon stress cues including viral infection or mediators such as the proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and cortisol, both Pomc and Npy/Agrp neurons from the hypothalamus are stimulated, thus triggering a response that controls both energy storage and expenditure. However, how appetite modulators or neuro-immune cues link pathogenesis and energy homeostasis in fish remains poorly understood. Here, we provide the first evidence of a molecular linkage between inflammation and food intake in <i>Salmon salar</i>. We show that in vivo viral challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) impacts food consumption by activating anorexic genes such as <i>mc4r, crf,</i> and <i>pomcb</i> and 5-HT in the brain of <i>S. salar</i>. At the molecular level, viral infection induces an overall reduction in lipid content in the liver, favoring the production of AA and EPA associated with the increment of <i>elovl2</i> gene. In addition, infection upregulates leptin signaling and inhibits insulin signaling. These changes are accompanied by a robust inflammatory response represented by the increment of Il-1b, Il-6, Tnfa, and Pge2 as well as an increased cortisol level in vivo. Thus, we propose a model in which hypothalamic neurons respond to inflammatory cytokines and stress-related molecules and interact with appetite induction/inhibition. These findings provide evidence of crosstalk between pathogenesis-driven inflammation and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axes in stress-induced food intake behavior in fish.David MuñozRicardo FuentesBeatriz CarniceroAndrea AguilarNataly SanhuezaSergio San-MartinCristian AgurtoAndrea DonosoLeonardo E. ValdiviaJesús M. MiguezLluis TortSebastián BoltanaMDPI AGarticlefeeding behaviorlipid metabolisminflammationinfectionBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11391, p 11391 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	feeding behavior lipid metabolism inflammation infection Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	feeding behavior lipid metabolism inflammation infection Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 David Muñoz Ricardo Fuentes Beatriz Carnicero Andrea Aguilar Nataly Sanhueza Sergio San-Martin Cristian Agurto Andrea Donoso Leonardo E. Valdivia Jesús M. Miguez Lluis Tort Sebastián Boltana Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>
description	The feeding behavior in fish is a complex activity that relies on the ability of the brain to integrate multiple signals to produce appropriate responses in terms of food intake, energy expenditure, and metabolic activity. Upon stress cues including viral infection or mediators such as the proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and cortisol, both Pomc and Npy/Agrp neurons from the hypothalamus are stimulated, thus triggering a response that controls both energy storage and expenditure. However, how appetite modulators or neuro-immune cues link pathogenesis and energy homeostasis in fish remains poorly understood. Here, we provide the first evidence of a molecular linkage between inflammation and food intake in <i>Salmon salar</i>. We show that in vivo viral challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) impacts food consumption by activating anorexic genes such as <i>mc4r, crf,</i> and <i>pomcb</i> and 5-HT in the brain of <i>S. salar</i>. At the molecular level, viral infection induces an overall reduction in lipid content in the liver, favoring the production of AA and EPA associated with the increment of <i>elovl2</i> gene. In addition, infection upregulates leptin signaling and inhibits insulin signaling. These changes are accompanied by a robust inflammatory response represented by the increment of Il-1b, Il-6, Tnfa, and Pge2 as well as an increased cortisol level in vivo. Thus, we propose a model in which hypothalamic neurons respond to inflammatory cytokines and stress-related molecules and interact with appetite induction/inhibition. These findings provide evidence of crosstalk between pathogenesis-driven inflammation and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axes in stress-induced food intake behavior in fish.
format	article
author	David Muñoz Ricardo Fuentes Beatriz Carnicero Andrea Aguilar Nataly Sanhueza Sergio San-Martin Cristian Agurto Andrea Donoso Leonardo E. Valdivia Jesús M. Miguez Lluis Tort Sebastián Boltana
author_facet	David Muñoz Ricardo Fuentes Beatriz Carnicero Andrea Aguilar Nataly Sanhueza Sergio San-Martin Cristian Agurto Andrea Donoso Leonardo E. Valdivia Jesús M. Miguez Lluis Tort Sebastián Boltana
author_sort	David Muñoz
title	Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>
title_short	Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>
title_full	Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>
title_fullStr	Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>
title_sort	viral infection drives the regulation of feeding behavior related genes in <i>salmo salar</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1e0076ef803e41068597c48c54be850e
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Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in <i>Salmo salar</i>

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