Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil

Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influ...

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Autores principales:	Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan, Md. Sohrab Hossain, Venugopal Balakrishnan, Mark Harris Zuknik, Muliadi Mustaner, Azhar Mat Easa, Adel Al-Gheethi, Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	virgin palm oil cold-press extraction sterilization oil palm fruits Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1e7454c5a2ba47faa0a575a2f284d8c5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1e7454c5a2ba47faa0a575a2f284d8c52021-11-25T17:36:16ZInfluence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil10.3390/foods101128382304-8158https://doaj.org/article/1e7454c5a2ba47faa0a575a2f284d8c52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/11/2838https://doaj.org/toc/2304-8158Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influence of sterilization of oil palm fresh fruits in the production of cold-pressed VPO was determined with varying sterilization temperatures, times, and amounts of palm fruits in sterilization. The experimental sterilization conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the maximum VPO yield and minimum FFAs in cold-pressed VPO. The optimal sterilization experimental conditions of oil palm fruits were determined to be a sterilization temperature of 62 °C, a time of 90 min, and an amount of oil palm fruits of 8 kg. Under these experimental conditions, the maximum cold-pressed VPO yield and the minimal content of free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained were 27.94 wt.% and 1.32 wt.%, respectively. Several analytic methods were employed to determine cold-pressed VPO quality and fatty acids compositions and compared with the crude palm oil. It was found that cold-pressed VPO contains higher carotenoids (708 mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the carotenoid (343 mg/g) and fatty acid compositions in CPO. The findings of the present study reveal that the sterilization temperature potentially influences the carotenoid and nutrient contents in VPO; therefore, the optimization of the sterilization conditions is crucial to producing carotenoid- and phytonutrient-rich VPO.Nik Suhaimi Mat HassanMd. Sohrab HossainVenugopal BalakrishnanMark Harris ZuknikMuliadi MustanerAzhar Mat EasaAdel Al-GheethiAhmad Naim Ahmad YahayaMDPI AGarticlevirgin palm oilcold-press extractionsterilizationoil palm fruitsChemical technologyTP1-1185ENFoods, Vol 10, Iss 2838, p 2838 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	virgin palm oil cold-press extraction sterilization oil palm fruits Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	virgin palm oil cold-press extraction sterilization oil palm fruits Chemical technology TP1-1185 Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan Md. Sohrab Hossain Venugopal Balakrishnan Mark Harris Zuknik Muliadi Mustaner Azhar Mat Easa Adel Al-Gheethi Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
description	Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influence of sterilization of oil palm fresh fruits in the production of cold-pressed VPO was determined with varying sterilization temperatures, times, and amounts of palm fruits in sterilization. The experimental sterilization conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the maximum VPO yield and minimum FFAs in cold-pressed VPO. The optimal sterilization experimental conditions of oil palm fruits were determined to be a sterilization temperature of 62 °C, a time of 90 min, and an amount of oil palm fruits of 8 kg. Under these experimental conditions, the maximum cold-pressed VPO yield and the minimal content of free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained were 27.94 wt.% and 1.32 wt.%, respectively. Several analytic methods were employed to determine cold-pressed VPO quality and fatty acids compositions and compared with the crude palm oil. It was found that cold-pressed VPO contains higher carotenoids (708 mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the carotenoid (343 mg/g) and fatty acid compositions in CPO. The findings of the present study reveal that the sterilization temperature potentially influences the carotenoid and nutrient contents in VPO; therefore, the optimization of the sterilization conditions is crucial to producing carotenoid- and phytonutrient-rich VPO.
format	article
author	Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan Md. Sohrab Hossain Venugopal Balakrishnan Mark Harris Zuknik Muliadi Mustaner Azhar Mat Easa Adel Al-Gheethi Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
author_facet	Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan Md. Sohrab Hossain Venugopal Balakrishnan Mark Harris Zuknik Muliadi Mustaner Azhar Mat Easa Adel Al-Gheethi Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
author_sort	Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan
title	Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
title_short	Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
title_full	Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
title_fullStr	Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
title_full_unstemmed	Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil
title_sort	influence of fresh palm fruit sterilization in the production of carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1e7454c5a2ba47faa0a575a2f284d8c5
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Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil

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