Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal

<i>Citrus</i> species of plants are among the most commercially cultivated crops, mainly for their fruit. Besides, the generally consumed flesh inside the fruit, the peel is quite important too. Essential oils extracted from the peel have a history of being used by humankind for centurie...

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Autores principales:	Devi Prasad Bhandari, Darbin Kumar Poudel, Prabodh Satyal, Karan Khadayat, Sital Dhami, Dipa Aryal, Pratiksha Chaudhary, Aakash Ghimire, Niranjan Parajuli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	limonene antioxidant enantiomeric distribution antibacterial activity Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1f002f0c3c894821bbac9d71d2f0c1d0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1f002f0c3c894821bbac9d71d2f0c1d02021-11-11T18:38:23ZVolatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal10.3390/molecules262166831420-3049https://doaj.org/article/1f002f0c3c894821bbac9d71d2f0c1d02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6683https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049<i>Citrus</i> species of plants are among the most commercially cultivated crops, mainly for their fruit. Besides, the generally consumed flesh inside the fruit, the peel is quite important too. Essential oils extracted from the peel have a history of being used by humankind for centuries. These essential oils are rich in antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Comparative investigation of volatile constituents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were undertaken. The essential oils were evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and enantiomeric composition by chiral GC–MS. Similarly, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, and antimicrobial activities were assayed using the disk diffusion method. The highest extraction yield of 1.83% was observed in <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Osbeck. GC–MS analysis showed limonene (63.76–89.15%), γ-terpinene (0.24–6.43%), β-pinene (0.15–6.09%), linalool (0.35–3.5%), sabinene (0.77–2.17%), myrcene (0.74–1.75%), α-terpineol (0.28–1.15%), and α-pinene (0.2–0.58%) as the major constituents of the essential oil of the <i>Citrus</i> species studied. For the first time, through our study, chiral terpenoids have been observed from <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck essential oil. The order of antioxidant activity is as follows: <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck red flesh > <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco > <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Osbeck > <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck white flesh. Except for <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck white flesh (52.34 µL/mL), all samples demonstrated stronger antioxidant activities than those of the positive control, quercetin (5.60 µL/mL). Therefore, these essential oils can be used as a safe natural antioxidant to prevent product oxidation. Likewise, citrus peel essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial strains, albeit marginal.Devi Prasad BhandariDarbin Kumar PoudelPrabodh SatyalKaran KhadayatSital DhamiDipa AryalPratiksha ChaudharyAakash GhimireNiranjan ParajuliMDPI AGarticlelimoneneantioxidantenantiomeric distributionantibacterial activityOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6683, p 6683 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	limonene antioxidant enantiomeric distribution antibacterial activity Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	limonene antioxidant enantiomeric distribution antibacterial activity Organic chemistry QD241-441 Devi Prasad Bhandari Darbin Kumar Poudel Prabodh Satyal Karan Khadayat Sital Dhami Dipa Aryal Pratiksha Chaudhary Aakash Ghimire Niranjan Parajuli Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal
description	<i>Citrus</i> species of plants are among the most commercially cultivated crops, mainly for their fruit. Besides, the generally consumed flesh inside the fruit, the peel is quite important too. Essential oils extracted from the peel have a history of being used by humankind for centuries. These essential oils are rich in antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Comparative investigation of volatile constituents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were undertaken. The essential oils were evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and enantiomeric composition by chiral GC–MS. Similarly, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, and antimicrobial activities were assayed using the disk diffusion method. The highest extraction yield of 1.83% was observed in <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Osbeck. GC–MS analysis showed limonene (63.76–89.15%), γ-terpinene (0.24–6.43%), β-pinene (0.15–6.09%), linalool (0.35–3.5%), sabinene (0.77–2.17%), myrcene (0.74–1.75%), α-terpineol (0.28–1.15%), and α-pinene (0.2–0.58%) as the major constituents of the essential oil of the <i>Citrus</i> species studied. For the first time, through our study, chiral terpenoids have been observed from <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck essential oil. The order of antioxidant activity is as follows: <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck red flesh > <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco > <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Osbeck > <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck white flesh. Except for <i>Citrus grandis</i> Osbeck white flesh (52.34 µL/mL), all samples demonstrated stronger antioxidant activities than those of the positive control, quercetin (5.60 µL/mL). Therefore, these essential oils can be used as a safe natural antioxidant to prevent product oxidation. Likewise, citrus peel essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial strains, albeit marginal.
format	article
author	Devi Prasad Bhandari Darbin Kumar Poudel Prabodh Satyal Karan Khadayat Sital Dhami Dipa Aryal Pratiksha Chaudhary Aakash Ghimire Niranjan Parajuli
author_facet	Devi Prasad Bhandari Darbin Kumar Poudel Prabodh Satyal Karan Khadayat Sital Dhami Dipa Aryal Pratiksha Chaudhary Aakash Ghimire Niranjan Parajuli
author_sort	Devi Prasad Bhandari
title	Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal
title_short	Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal
title_full	Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal
title_fullStr	Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal
title_full_unstemmed	Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal
title_sort	volatile compounds and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of selected citrus essential oils originated from nepal
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1f002f0c3c894821bbac9d71d2f0c1d0
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Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal

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