Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine

A thermochemical recuperation (TCR) reactor was developed and experimentally evaluated with the objective to improve dual-fuel diesel–ammonia compression ignition engines. The novel system simultaneously decomposed ammonia into a hydrogen-containing mixture to allow high diesel fuel replacement rati...

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Autores principales:	Seamus P. Kane, William F. Northrop
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	ammonia compression ignition dual-fuel thermal efficiency thermochemical recuperation carbon-free fuel Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1f1d242a5e644858b3bc28c9c2cebad0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1f1d242a5e644858b3bc28c9c2cebad02021-11-25T17:26:25ZThermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine10.3390/en142275401996-1073https://doaj.org/article/1f1d242a5e644858b3bc28c9c2cebad02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/22/7540https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073A thermochemical recuperation (TCR) reactor was developed and experimentally evaluated with the objective to improve dual-fuel diesel–ammonia compression ignition engines. The novel system simultaneously decomposed ammonia into a hydrogen-containing mixture to allow high diesel fuel replacement ratios and oxidized unburned ammonia emissions in the exhaust, overcoming two key shortcomings of ammonia combustion in engines from the previous literature. In the experimental work, a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine was operated in dual-fuel mode using intake-fumigated ammonia and hydrogen mixtures as the secondary fuel. A full-scale catalytic TCR reactor was constructed and generated the fuel used in the engine experiments. The results show that up to 55% of the total fuel energy was provided by ammonia on a lower heating value basis. Overall engine brake thermal efficiency increased for modes with a high exhaust temperature where ammonia decomposition conversion in the TCR reactor was high but decreased for all other modes due to poor combustion efficiency. Hydrocarbon and soot emissions were shown to increase with the replacement ratio for all modes due to lower combustion temperatures and in-cylinder oxidation processes in the late part of heat release. Engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) emissions decreased with increasing diesel replacement levels for all engine modes. A higher concentration of unburned ammonia was measured in the exhaust with increasing replacement ratios. This unburned ammonia predominantly oxidized to NO<sub>x</sub> species over the oxidation catalyst used within the TCR reactor. Ammonia substitution thus increased post-TCR reactor ammonia and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions in this work. The results show, however, that engine-out NH<sub>3</sub>-to-NO<sub>x</sub> ratios were suitable for passive selective catalytic reduction, thus demonstrating that both ammonia and NO<sub>x</sub> from the engine could be readily converted to N<sub>2</sub> if the appropriate catalyst were used in the TCR reactor.Seamus P. KaneWilliam F. NorthropMDPI AGarticleammoniacompression ignitiondual-fuelthermal efficiencythermochemical recuperationcarbon-free fuelTechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 7540, p 7540 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ammonia compression ignition dual-fuel thermal efficiency thermochemical recuperation carbon-free fuel Technology T
spellingShingle	ammonia compression ignition dual-fuel thermal efficiency thermochemical recuperation carbon-free fuel Technology T Seamus P. Kane William F. Northrop Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine
description	A thermochemical recuperation (TCR) reactor was developed and experimentally evaluated with the objective to improve dual-fuel diesel–ammonia compression ignition engines. The novel system simultaneously decomposed ammonia into a hydrogen-containing mixture to allow high diesel fuel replacement ratios and oxidized unburned ammonia emissions in the exhaust, overcoming two key shortcomings of ammonia combustion in engines from the previous literature. In the experimental work, a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine was operated in dual-fuel mode using intake-fumigated ammonia and hydrogen mixtures as the secondary fuel. A full-scale catalytic TCR reactor was constructed and generated the fuel used in the engine experiments. The results show that up to 55% of the total fuel energy was provided by ammonia on a lower heating value basis. Overall engine brake thermal efficiency increased for modes with a high exhaust temperature where ammonia decomposition conversion in the TCR reactor was high but decreased for all other modes due to poor combustion efficiency. Hydrocarbon and soot emissions were shown to increase with the replacement ratio for all modes due to lower combustion temperatures and in-cylinder oxidation processes in the late part of heat release. Engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) emissions decreased with increasing diesel replacement levels for all engine modes. A higher concentration of unburned ammonia was measured in the exhaust with increasing replacement ratios. This unburned ammonia predominantly oxidized to NO<sub>x</sub> species over the oxidation catalyst used within the TCR reactor. Ammonia substitution thus increased post-TCR reactor ammonia and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions in this work. The results show, however, that engine-out NH<sub>3</sub>-to-NO<sub>x</sub> ratios were suitable for passive selective catalytic reduction, thus demonstrating that both ammonia and NO<sub>x</sub> from the engine could be readily converted to N<sub>2</sub> if the appropriate catalyst were used in the TCR reactor.
format	article
author	Seamus P. Kane William F. Northrop
author_facet	Seamus P. Kane William F. Northrop
author_sort	Seamus P. Kane
title	Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine
title_short	Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine
title_full	Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine
title_fullStr	Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine
title_full_unstemmed	Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine
title_sort	thermochemical recuperation to enable efficient ammonia-diesel dual-fuel combustion in a compression ignition engine
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1f1d242a5e644858b3bc28c9c2cebad0
work_keys_str_mv	AT seamuspkane thermochemicalrecuperationtoenableefficientammoniadieseldualfuelcombustioninacompressionignitionengine AT williamfnorthrop thermochemicalrecuperationtoenableefficientammoniadieseldualfuelcombustioninacompressionignitionengine
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Thermochemical Recuperation to Enable Efficient Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion in a Compression Ignition Engine

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