Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function

Abstract Objective The increase in smartphone usage has enabled the possibility of more accessible ways to conduct neuropsychological evaluations. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using smartphone typing dynamics with mood scores to supplement cognitive assessment thro...

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Autores principales:	Mindy K. Ross, Alexander P. Demos, John Zulueta, Andrea Piscitello, Scott A. Langenecker, Melvin McInnis, Olusola Ajilore, Peter C. Nelson, Kelly A. Ryan, Alex Leow
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Wiley 2021
Materias:	bipolar disorder cognition mHealth trail making tests typing dynamics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1f3187151d1545d6843052aa6325d8b4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1f3187151d1545d6843052aa6325d8b42021-11-25T06:06:36ZNaturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function2162-327910.1002/brb3.2363https://doaj.org/article/1f3187151d1545d6843052aa6325d8b42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2363https://doaj.org/toc/2162-3279Abstract Objective The increase in smartphone usage has enabled the possibility of more accessible ways to conduct neuropsychological evaluations. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using smartphone typing dynamics with mood scores to supplement cognitive assessment through trail making tests. Methods Using a custom‐built keyboard, naturalistic keypress dynamics were unobtrusively recorded in individuals with bipolar disorder (n = 11) and nonbipolar controls (n = 8) on an Android smartphone. Keypresses were matched to digital trail making tests part B (dTMT‐B) administered daily in two periods and weekly mood assessments. Following comparison of dTMT‐Bs to the pencil‐and‐paper equivalent, longitudinal mixed‐effects models were used to analyze daily dTMT‐B performance as a function of typing and mood. Results Comparison of the first dTMT‐B to paper TMT‐B showed adequate reliability (intraclass correlations = 0.74). In our model, we observed that participants who typed slower took longer to complete dTMT‐B (b = 0.189, p < .001). This trend was also seen in individual fluctuations in typing speed and dTMT‐B performance (b = 0.032, p = .004). Moreover, participants who were more depressed completed the dTMT‐B slower than less depressed participants (b = 0.189, p < .001). A practice effect was observed for the dTMT‐Bs. Conclusion Typing speed in combination with depression scores has the potential to infer aspects of cognition (visual attention, processing speed, and task switching) in people's natural environment to complement formal in‐person neuropsychological assessments that commonly include the trail making test.Mindy K. RossAlexander P. DemosJohn ZuluetaAndrea PiscitelloScott A. LangeneckerMelvin McInnisOlusola AjilorePeter C. NelsonKelly A. RyanAlex LeowWileyarticlebipolar disordercognitionmHealthtrail making teststyping dynamicsNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENBrain and Behavior, Vol 11, Iss 11, Pp n/a-n/a (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	bipolar disorder cognition mHealth trail making tests typing dynamics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	bipolar disorder cognition mHealth trail making tests typing dynamics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Mindy K. Ross Alexander P. Demos John Zulueta Andrea Piscitello Scott A. Langenecker Melvin McInnis Olusola Ajilore Peter C. Nelson Kelly A. Ryan Alex Leow Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
description	Abstract Objective The increase in smartphone usage has enabled the possibility of more accessible ways to conduct neuropsychological evaluations. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using smartphone typing dynamics with mood scores to supplement cognitive assessment through trail making tests. Methods Using a custom‐built keyboard, naturalistic keypress dynamics were unobtrusively recorded in individuals with bipolar disorder (n = 11) and nonbipolar controls (n = 8) on an Android smartphone. Keypresses were matched to digital trail making tests part B (dTMT‐B) administered daily in two periods and weekly mood assessments. Following comparison of dTMT‐Bs to the pencil‐and‐paper equivalent, longitudinal mixed‐effects models were used to analyze daily dTMT‐B performance as a function of typing and mood. Results Comparison of the first dTMT‐B to paper TMT‐B showed adequate reliability (intraclass correlations = 0.74). In our model, we observed that participants who typed slower took longer to complete dTMT‐B (b = 0.189, p < .001). This trend was also seen in individual fluctuations in typing speed and dTMT‐B performance (b = 0.032, p = .004). Moreover, participants who were more depressed completed the dTMT‐B slower than less depressed participants (b = 0.189, p < .001). A practice effect was observed for the dTMT‐Bs. Conclusion Typing speed in combination with depression scores has the potential to infer aspects of cognition (visual attention, processing speed, and task switching) in people's natural environment to complement formal in‐person neuropsychological assessments that commonly include the trail making test.
format	article
author	Mindy K. Ross Alexander P. Demos John Zulueta Andrea Piscitello Scott A. Langenecker Melvin McInnis Olusola Ajilore Peter C. Nelson Kelly A. Ryan Alex Leow
author_facet	Mindy K. Ross Alexander P. Demos John Zulueta Andrea Piscitello Scott A. Langenecker Melvin McInnis Olusola Ajilore Peter C. Nelson Kelly A. Ryan Alex Leow
author_sort	Mindy K. Ross
title	Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
title_short	Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
title_full	Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
title_fullStr	Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
title_full_unstemmed	Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
title_sort	naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function
publisher	Wiley
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1f3187151d1545d6843052aa6325d8b4
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Naturalistic smartphone keyboard typing reflects processing speed and executive function

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