Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

Abstract Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phos...

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Autores principales:	Evagelia Lampiri, Paraskevi Agrafioti, Christos G. Athanassiou
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1f944f88103b4ccbbf24ac612a601a82
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1f944f88103b4ccbbf24ac612a601a822021-12-02T12:11:49ZDelayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/1f944f88103b4ccbbf24ac612a601a822021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83463-yhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy.Evagelia LampiriParaskevi AgrafiotiChristos G. AthanassiouNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Evagelia Lampiri Paraskevi Agrafioti Christos G. Athanassiou Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
description	Abstract Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy.
format	article
author	Evagelia Lampiri Paraskevi Agrafioti Christos G. Athanassiou
author_facet	Evagelia Lampiri Paraskevi Agrafioti Christos G. Athanassiou
author_sort	Evagelia Lampiri
title	Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_short	Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_full	Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_fullStr	Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_full_unstemmed	Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_sort	delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1f944f88103b4ccbbf24ac612a601a82
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Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

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