Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs

Abstract Many organisms have evolved adaptations to increase the odds of survival of their offspring. Parental care has evolved several times in animals including ectotherms. In amphibians, ~ 10% of species exhibit parental care. Among these, poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are well-known for their ext...

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Autores principales:	Juan D. Carvajal-Castro, Fernando Vargas-Salinas, Santiago Casas-Cardona, Bibiana Rojas, Juan C. Santos
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1fb2393c9ad44ef891e99e425e49eb21
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1fb2393c9ad44ef891e99e425e49eb212021-12-02T18:48:01ZAposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs10.1038/s41598-021-97206-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/1fb2393c9ad44ef891e99e425e49eb212021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97206-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Many organisms have evolved adaptations to increase the odds of survival of their offspring. Parental care has evolved several times in animals including ectotherms. In amphibians, ~ 10% of species exhibit parental care. Among these, poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are well-known for their extensive care, which includes egg guarding, larval transport, and specialized tadpole provisioning with trophic eggs. At least one third of dendrobatids displaying aposematism by exhibiting warning coloration that informs potential predators about the presence of defensive skin toxins. Aposematism has a central role in poison frog diversification, including diet specialization, and visual and acoustic communication; and it is thought to have impacted their reproductive biology as well. We tested the latter association using multivariate phylogenetic methods at the family level. Our results show complex relationships between aposematism and certain aspects of the reproductive biology in dendrobatids. In particular, aposematic species tend to use more specialized tadpole-deposition sites, such as phytotelmata, and ferry fewer tadpoles than non-aposematic species. We propose that aposematism may have facilitated the diversification of microhabitat use in dendrobatids in the context of reproduction. Furthermore, the use of resource-limited tadpole-deposition environments may have evolved in tandem with an optimal reproductive strategy characterized by few offspring, biparental care, and female provisioning of food in the form of unfertilized eggs. We also found that in phytotelm-breeders, the rate of transition from cryptic to aposematic phenotype is 17 to 19 times higher than vice versa. Therefore, we infer that the aposematism in dendrobatids might serve as an umbrella trait for the evolution and maintenance of their complex offspring-caring activities.Juan D. Carvajal-CastroFernando Vargas-SalinasSantiago Casas-CardonaBibiana RojasJuan C. SantosNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Juan D. Carvajal-Castro Fernando Vargas-Salinas Santiago Casas-Cardona Bibiana Rojas Juan C. Santos Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
description	Abstract Many organisms have evolved adaptations to increase the odds of survival of their offspring. Parental care has evolved several times in animals including ectotherms. In amphibians, ~ 10% of species exhibit parental care. Among these, poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are well-known for their extensive care, which includes egg guarding, larval transport, and specialized tadpole provisioning with trophic eggs. At least one third of dendrobatids displaying aposematism by exhibiting warning coloration that informs potential predators about the presence of defensive skin toxins. Aposematism has a central role in poison frog diversification, including diet specialization, and visual and acoustic communication; and it is thought to have impacted their reproductive biology as well. We tested the latter association using multivariate phylogenetic methods at the family level. Our results show complex relationships between aposematism and certain aspects of the reproductive biology in dendrobatids. In particular, aposematic species tend to use more specialized tadpole-deposition sites, such as phytotelmata, and ferry fewer tadpoles than non-aposematic species. We propose that aposematism may have facilitated the diversification of microhabitat use in dendrobatids in the context of reproduction. Furthermore, the use of resource-limited tadpole-deposition environments may have evolved in tandem with an optimal reproductive strategy characterized by few offspring, biparental care, and female provisioning of food in the form of unfertilized eggs. We also found that in phytotelm-breeders, the rate of transition from cryptic to aposematic phenotype is 17 to 19 times higher than vice versa. Therefore, we infer that the aposematism in dendrobatids might serve as an umbrella trait for the evolution and maintenance of their complex offspring-caring activities.
format	article
author	Juan D. Carvajal-Castro Fernando Vargas-Salinas Santiago Casas-Cardona Bibiana Rojas Juan C. Santos
author_facet	Juan D. Carvajal-Castro Fernando Vargas-Salinas Santiago Casas-Cardona Bibiana Rojas Juan C. Santos
author_sort	Juan D. Carvajal-Castro
title	Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
title_short	Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
title_full	Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
title_fullStr	Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
title_full_unstemmed	Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
title_sort	aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1fb2393c9ad44ef891e99e425e49eb21
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Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs

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