Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?

Mass mortality events are increasing dramatically in all coastal marine environments. Determining the underlying causes of mass mortality events has proven difficult in the past because of the lack of prior quantitative data on populations and environmental variables. Four-year surveys of two shallo...

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Autores principales:	Emma Cebrian, Maria Jesus Uriz, Joaquim Garrabou, Enric Ballesteros
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1ffa9d1354f74b0da9d2dab3c63aabbb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1ffa9d1354f74b0da9d2dab3c63aabbb2021-11-18T06:52:45ZSponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0020211https://doaj.org/article/1ffa9d1354f74b0da9d2dab3c63aabbb2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21673798/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Mass mortality events are increasing dramatically in all coastal marine environments. Determining the underlying causes of mass mortality events has proven difficult in the past because of the lack of prior quantitative data on populations and environmental variables. Four-year surveys of two shallow-water sponge species, Ircinia fasciculata and Sarcotragus spinosulum, were carried out in the western Mediterranean Sea. These surveys provided evidence of two severe sponge die-offs (total mortality ranging from 80 to 95% of specimens) occurring in the summers of 2008 and 2009. These events primarily affected I. fasciculata, which hosts both phototrophic and heterotrophic microsymbionts, while they did not affect S. spinosulum, which harbors only heterotrophic bacteria. We observed a significant positive correlation between the percentage of injured I. fasciculata specimens and exposure time to elevated temperature conditions in all populations, suggesting a key role of temperature in triggering mortality events. A comparative ultrastructural study of injured and healthy I. fasciculata specimens showed that cyanobacteria disappeared from injured specimens, which suggests that cyanobacterial decay could be involved in I. fasciculata mortality. A laboratory experiment confirmed that the cyanobacteria harbored by I. fasciculata displayed a significant reduction in photosynthetic efficiency in the highest temperature treatment. The sponge disease reported here led to a severe decrease in the abundance of the surveyed populations. It represents one of the most dramatic mass mortality events to date in the Mediterranean Sea.Emma CebrianMaria Jesus UrizJoaquim GarrabouEnric BallesterosPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 6, p e20211 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Emma Cebrian Maria Jesus Uriz Joaquim Garrabou Enric Ballesteros Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
description	Mass mortality events are increasing dramatically in all coastal marine environments. Determining the underlying causes of mass mortality events has proven difficult in the past because of the lack of prior quantitative data on populations and environmental variables. Four-year surveys of two shallow-water sponge species, Ircinia fasciculata and Sarcotragus spinosulum, were carried out in the western Mediterranean Sea. These surveys provided evidence of two severe sponge die-offs (total mortality ranging from 80 to 95% of specimens) occurring in the summers of 2008 and 2009. These events primarily affected I. fasciculata, which hosts both phototrophic and heterotrophic microsymbionts, while they did not affect S. spinosulum, which harbors only heterotrophic bacteria. We observed a significant positive correlation between the percentage of injured I. fasciculata specimens and exposure time to elevated temperature conditions in all populations, suggesting a key role of temperature in triggering mortality events. A comparative ultrastructural study of injured and healthy I. fasciculata specimens showed that cyanobacteria disappeared from injured specimens, which suggests that cyanobacterial decay could be involved in I. fasciculata mortality. A laboratory experiment confirmed that the cyanobacteria harbored by I. fasciculata displayed a significant reduction in photosynthetic efficiency in the highest temperature treatment. The sponge disease reported here led to a severe decrease in the abundance of the surveyed populations. It represents one of the most dramatic mass mortality events to date in the Mediterranean Sea.
format	article
author	Emma Cebrian Maria Jesus Uriz Joaquim Garrabou Enric Ballesteros
author_facet	Emma Cebrian Maria Jesus Uriz Joaquim Garrabou Enric Ballesteros
author_sort	Emma Cebrian
title	Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
title_short	Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
title_full	Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
title_fullStr	Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
title_full_unstemmed	Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
title_sort	sponge mass mortalities in a warming mediterranean sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/1ffa9d1354f74b0da9d2dab3c63aabbb
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Sponge mass mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring species worse off?

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