A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) infection (CDI) can result from the disruption of the resident gut microbiota. Western diets and popular weight-loss diets drive large changes in the gut microbiome; however, the literature is conflicted with regard to the effect of...

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Autores principales:	Chrisabelle C. Mefferd, Shrikant S. Bhute, Jacqueline R. Phan, Jacob V. Villarama, Dung M. Do, Stephanie Alarcia, Ernesto Abel-Santos, Brian P. Hedlund
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	Atkins diet Clostridium difficile microbiome Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/20c06c581de7414b8f8c053896303e11
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:20c06c581de7414b8f8c053896303e112021-12-02T18:39:47ZA High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects10.1128/mSystems.00765-192379-5077https://doaj.org/article/20c06c581de7414b8f8c053896303e112020-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00765-19https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) infection (CDI) can result from the disruption of the resident gut microbiota. Western diets and popular weight-loss diets drive large changes in the gut microbiome; however, the literature is conflicted with regard to the effect of diet on CDI. Using the hypervirulent strain C. difficile R20291 (RT027) in a mouse model of antibiotic-induced CDI, we assessed disease outcome and microbial community dynamics in mice fed two high-fat diets in comparison with a high-carbohydrate diet and a standard rodent diet. The two high-fat diets exacerbated CDI, with a high-fat/high-protein, Atkins-like diet leading to severe CDI and 100% mortality and a high-fat/low-protein, medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT)-like diet inducing highly variable CDI outcomes. In contrast, mice fed a high-carbohydrate diet were protected from CDI, despite the high levels of refined carbohydrate and low levels of fiber in the diet. A total of 28 members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae decreased in abundance due to diet and/or antibiotic treatment; these organisms may compete with C. difficile for amino acids and protect healthy animals from CDI in the absence of antibiotics. Together, these data suggest that antibiotic treatment might lead to loss of C. difficile competitors and create a favorable environment for C. difficile proliferation and virulence with effects that are intensified by high-fat/high-protein diets; in contrast, high-carbohydrate diets might be protective regardless of the source of carbohydrate or of antibiotic-driven loss of C. difficile competitors. IMPORTANCE The role of Western and weight-loss diets with extreme macronutrient composition in the risk and progression of CDI is poorly understood. In a longitudinal study, we showed that a high-fat/high-protein, Atkins-type diet greatly exacerbated antibiotic-induced CDI, whereas a high-carbohydrate diet protected, despite the high monosaccharide and starch content. Our study results, therefore, suggest that popular high-fat/high-protein weight-loss diets may enhance CDI risk during antibiotic treatment, possibly due to the synergistic effects of a loss of the microorganisms that normally inhibit C. difficile overgrowth and an abundance of amino acids that promote C. difficile overgrowth. In contrast, a high-carbohydrate diet might be protective, despite reports on the recent evolution of enhanced carbohydrate metabolism in C. difficile.Chrisabelle C. MefferdShrikant S. BhuteJacqueline R. PhanJacob V. VillaramaDung M. DoStephanie AlarciaErnesto Abel-SantosBrian P. HedlundAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleAtkins dietClostridium difficilemicrobiomeMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 5, Iss 1 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Atkins diet Clostridium difficile microbiome Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Atkins diet Clostridium difficile microbiome Microbiology QR1-502 Chrisabelle C. Mefferd Shrikant S. Bhute Jacqueline R. Phan Jacob V. Villarama Dung M. Do Stephanie Alarcia Ernesto Abel-Santos Brian P. Hedlund A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects
description	ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) infection (CDI) can result from the disruption of the resident gut microbiota. Western diets and popular weight-loss diets drive large changes in the gut microbiome; however, the literature is conflicted with regard to the effect of diet on CDI. Using the hypervirulent strain C. difficile R20291 (RT027) in a mouse model of antibiotic-induced CDI, we assessed disease outcome and microbial community dynamics in mice fed two high-fat diets in comparison with a high-carbohydrate diet and a standard rodent diet. The two high-fat diets exacerbated CDI, with a high-fat/high-protein, Atkins-like diet leading to severe CDI and 100% mortality and a high-fat/low-protein, medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT)-like diet inducing highly variable CDI outcomes. In contrast, mice fed a high-carbohydrate diet were protected from CDI, despite the high levels of refined carbohydrate and low levels of fiber in the diet. A total of 28 members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae decreased in abundance due to diet and/or antibiotic treatment; these organisms may compete with C. difficile for amino acids and protect healthy animals from CDI in the absence of antibiotics. Together, these data suggest that antibiotic treatment might lead to loss of C. difficile competitors and create a favorable environment for C. difficile proliferation and virulence with effects that are intensified by high-fat/high-protein diets; in contrast, high-carbohydrate diets might be protective regardless of the source of carbohydrate or of antibiotic-driven loss of C. difficile competitors. IMPORTANCE The role of Western and weight-loss diets with extreme macronutrient composition in the risk and progression of CDI is poorly understood. In a longitudinal study, we showed that a high-fat/high-protein, Atkins-type diet greatly exacerbated antibiotic-induced CDI, whereas a high-carbohydrate diet protected, despite the high monosaccharide and starch content. Our study results, therefore, suggest that popular high-fat/high-protein weight-loss diets may enhance CDI risk during antibiotic treatment, possibly due to the synergistic effects of a loss of the microorganisms that normally inhibit C. difficile overgrowth and an abundance of amino acids that promote C. difficile overgrowth. In contrast, a high-carbohydrate diet might be protective, despite reports on the recent evolution of enhanced carbohydrate metabolism in C. difficile.
format	article
author	Chrisabelle C. Mefferd Shrikant S. Bhute Jacqueline R. Phan Jacob V. Villarama Dung M. Do Stephanie Alarcia Ernesto Abel-Santos Brian P. Hedlund
author_facet	Chrisabelle C. Mefferd Shrikant S. Bhute Jacqueline R. Phan Jacob V. Villarama Dung M. Do Stephanie Alarcia Ernesto Abel-Santos Brian P. Hedlund
author_sort	Chrisabelle C. Mefferd
title	A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects
title_short	A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects
title_full	A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects
title_fullStr	A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects
title_full_unstemmed	A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects
title_sort	high-fat/high-protein, atkins-type diet exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> infection in mice, whereas a high-carbohydrate diet protects
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/20c06c581de7414b8f8c053896303e11
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A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates <italic toggle="yes">Clostridioides</italic> (<italic toggle="yes">Clostridium</italic>) <italic toggle="yes">difficile</italic> Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects

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