Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies

Citrus are among the most prevailing fruit crops produced worldwide. The implementation of effective and reliable breeding programs is essential for coping with the increasing demands of satisfactory yield and quality of the fruit as well as to deal with the negative impact of fast-spreading disease...

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Autores principales:	Gabriela Conti, Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares, Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez, Horacio Esteban Hopp, Carina A. Reyes
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	citrus transgenic plants in vitro regeneration transformation methods CRISPR in citrus reporter and selection markers cisgenesis and intragenesis Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2100a8f3a56245edab55cad57f5eaf7c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2100a8f3a56245edab55cad57f5eaf7c2021-12-01T20:19:24ZCitrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.768197https://doaj.org/article/2100a8f3a56245edab55cad57f5eaf7c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.768197/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XCitrus are among the most prevailing fruit crops produced worldwide. The implementation of effective and reliable breeding programs is essential for coping with the increasing demands of satisfactory yield and quality of the fruit as well as to deal with the negative impact of fast-spreading diseases. Conventional methods are time-consuming and of difficult application because of inherent factors of citrus biology, such as their prolonged juvenile period and a complex reproductive stage, sometimes presenting infertility, self-incompatibility, parthenocarpy, or polyembryony. Moreover, certain desirable traits are absent from cultivated or wild citrus genotypes. All these features are challenging for the incorporation of the desirable traits. In this regard, genetic engineering technologies offer a series of alternative approaches that allow overcoming the difficulties of conventional breeding programs. This review gives a detailed overview of the currently used strategies for the development of genetically modified citrus. We describe different aspects regarding genotype varieties used, including elite cultivars or extensively used scions and rootstocks. Furthermore, we discuss technical aspects of citrus genetic transformation procedures via Agrobacterium, regular physical methods, and magnetofection. Finally, we describe the selection of explants considering young and mature tissues, protoplast isolation, etc. We also address current protocols and novel approaches for improving the in vitro regeneration process, which is an important bottleneck for citrus genetic transformation. This review also explores alternative emerging transformation strategies applied to citrus species such as transient and tissue localized transformation. New breeding technologies, including cisgenesis, intragenesis, and genome editing by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), are also discussed. Other relevant aspects comprising new promoters and reporter genes, marker-free systems, and strategies for induction of early flowering, are also addressed. We provided a future perspective on the use of current and new technologies in citrus and its potential impact on regulatory processes.Gabriela ContiGabriela ContiBeatriz Xoconostle-CázaresGabriel Marcelino-PérezHoracio Esteban HoppHoracio Esteban HoppCarina A. ReyesFrontiers Media S.A.articlecitrus transgenic plantsin vitro regenerationtransformation methodsCRISPR in citrusreporter and selection markerscisgenesis and intragenesisPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	citrus transgenic plants in vitro regeneration transformation methods CRISPR in citrus reporter and selection markers cisgenesis and intragenesis Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	citrus transgenic plants in vitro regeneration transformation methods CRISPR in citrus reporter and selection markers cisgenesis and intragenesis Plant culture SB1-1110 Gabriela Conti Gabriela Conti Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez Horacio Esteban Hopp Horacio Esteban Hopp Carina A. Reyes Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies
description	Citrus are among the most prevailing fruit crops produced worldwide. The implementation of effective and reliable breeding programs is essential for coping with the increasing demands of satisfactory yield and quality of the fruit as well as to deal with the negative impact of fast-spreading diseases. Conventional methods are time-consuming and of difficult application because of inherent factors of citrus biology, such as their prolonged juvenile period and a complex reproductive stage, sometimes presenting infertility, self-incompatibility, parthenocarpy, or polyembryony. Moreover, certain desirable traits are absent from cultivated or wild citrus genotypes. All these features are challenging for the incorporation of the desirable traits. In this regard, genetic engineering technologies offer a series of alternative approaches that allow overcoming the difficulties of conventional breeding programs. This review gives a detailed overview of the currently used strategies for the development of genetically modified citrus. We describe different aspects regarding genotype varieties used, including elite cultivars or extensively used scions and rootstocks. Furthermore, we discuss technical aspects of citrus genetic transformation procedures via Agrobacterium, regular physical methods, and magnetofection. Finally, we describe the selection of explants considering young and mature tissues, protoplast isolation, etc. We also address current protocols and novel approaches for improving the in vitro regeneration process, which is an important bottleneck for citrus genetic transformation. This review also explores alternative emerging transformation strategies applied to citrus species such as transient and tissue localized transformation. New breeding technologies, including cisgenesis, intragenesis, and genome editing by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), are also discussed. Other relevant aspects comprising new promoters and reporter genes, marker-free systems, and strategies for induction of early flowering, are also addressed. We provided a future perspective on the use of current and new technologies in citrus and its potential impact on regulatory processes.
format	article
author	Gabriela Conti Gabriela Conti Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez Horacio Esteban Hopp Horacio Esteban Hopp Carina A. Reyes
author_facet	Gabriela Conti Gabriela Conti Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez Horacio Esteban Hopp Horacio Esteban Hopp Carina A. Reyes
author_sort	Gabriela Conti
title	Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies
title_short	Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies
title_full	Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies
title_fullStr	Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies
title_full_unstemmed	Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies
title_sort	citrus genetic transformation: an overview of the current strategies and insights on the new emerging technologies
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2100a8f3a56245edab55cad57f5eaf7c
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Citrus Genetic Transformation: An Overview of the Current Strategies and Insights on the New Emerging Technologies

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