The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis

Abstract Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis are complex parasites responsible for the condition of coccidiosis, that invade the animal gastrointestinal intestinal mucosa causing severe diarrhoea, loss of appetite or abortions, with devastating impacts on the farming industry. The negative impacts of...

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Autores principales:	Igori Balta, Adela Marcu, Mark Linton, Carmel Kelly, Lavinia Stef, Ioan Pet, Patrick Ward, Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Carmen Chifiriuc, Ozan Gundogdu, Todd Callaway, Nicolae Corcionivoschi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/217d4545a23043e0bc17ed91eb4dd463
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:217d4545a23043e0bc17ed91eb4dd4632021-12-02T18:50:55ZThe in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis10.1038/s41598-021-95459-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/217d4545a23043e0bc17ed91eb4dd4632021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95459-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis are complex parasites responsible for the condition of coccidiosis, that invade the animal gastrointestinal intestinal mucosa causing severe diarrhoea, loss of appetite or abortions, with devastating impacts on the farming industry. The negative impacts of these parasitic infections are enhanced by their role in promoting the colonisation of the gut by common foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to test the anti-Eimeria efficacy of maltodextrin, sodium chloride, citric acid, sodium citrate, silica, malic acid, citrus extract, and olive extract individually, in vitro and in combination, in vivo. Firstly, in vitro infection models demonstrated that antimicrobials reduced (p < 0.05), both singly and in combination (AG), the ability of E. tenella and E. bovis to infect MDBK and CLEC-213 epithelial cells, and the virulence reduction was similar to that of the anti-coccidial drug Robenidine. Secondly, using an in vivo broiler infection model, we demonstrated that AG reduced (p = 0.001) E. tenella levels in the caeca and excreted faeces, reduced inflammatory oxidative stress, improved the immune response through reduced ROS, increased Mn-SOD and SCFA levels. Levels of IgA and IgM were significantly increased in caecal tissues of broilers that received 0.5% AG and were associated with improved (p < 0.0001) tissue lesion scores. A prophylactic approach increased the anti-parasitic effect in vivo, and results indicated that administration from day 0, 5 and 10 post-hatch reduced tissue lesion scores (p < 0.0001) and parasite excretion levels (p = 0.002). Conclusively, our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the natural antimicrobial mixture (AG) reduced parasitic infections through mechanisms that reduced pathogen virulence and attenuated host inflammatory events.Igori BaltaAdela MarcuMark LintonCarmel KellyLavinia StefIoan PetPatrick WardGratiela Gradisteanu PircalabioruCarmen ChifiriucOzan GundogduTodd CallawayNicolae CorcionivoschiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Igori Balta Adela Marcu Mark Linton Carmel Kelly Lavinia Stef Ioan Pet Patrick Ward Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru Carmen Chifiriuc Ozan Gundogdu Todd Callaway Nicolae Corcionivoschi The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis
description	Abstract Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis are complex parasites responsible for the condition of coccidiosis, that invade the animal gastrointestinal intestinal mucosa causing severe diarrhoea, loss of appetite or abortions, with devastating impacts on the farming industry. The negative impacts of these parasitic infections are enhanced by their role in promoting the colonisation of the gut by common foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to test the anti-Eimeria efficacy of maltodextrin, sodium chloride, citric acid, sodium citrate, silica, malic acid, citrus extract, and olive extract individually, in vitro and in combination, in vivo. Firstly, in vitro infection models demonstrated that antimicrobials reduced (p < 0.05), both singly and in combination (AG), the ability of E. tenella and E. bovis to infect MDBK and CLEC-213 epithelial cells, and the virulence reduction was similar to that of the anti-coccidial drug Robenidine. Secondly, using an in vivo broiler infection model, we demonstrated that AG reduced (p = 0.001) E. tenella levels in the caeca and excreted faeces, reduced inflammatory oxidative stress, improved the immune response through reduced ROS, increased Mn-SOD and SCFA levels. Levels of IgA and IgM were significantly increased in caecal tissues of broilers that received 0.5% AG and were associated with improved (p < 0.0001) tissue lesion scores. A prophylactic approach increased the anti-parasitic effect in vivo, and results indicated that administration from day 0, 5 and 10 post-hatch reduced tissue lesion scores (p < 0.0001) and parasite excretion levels (p = 0.002). Conclusively, our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the natural antimicrobial mixture (AG) reduced parasitic infections through mechanisms that reduced pathogen virulence and attenuated host inflammatory events.
format	article
author	Igori Balta Adela Marcu Mark Linton Carmel Kelly Lavinia Stef Ioan Pet Patrick Ward Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru Carmen Chifiriuc Ozan Gundogdu Todd Callaway Nicolae Corcionivoschi
author_facet	Igori Balta Adela Marcu Mark Linton Carmel Kelly Lavinia Stef Ioan Pet Patrick Ward Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru Carmen Chifiriuc Ozan Gundogdu Todd Callaway Nicolae Corcionivoschi
author_sort	Igori Balta
title	The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis
title_short	The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis
title_full	The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis
title_fullStr	The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis
title_full_unstemmed	The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis
title_sort	in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against eimeria tenella and eimeria bovis
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/217d4545a23043e0bc17ed91eb4dd463
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The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis

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