Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors

Based on data of visitors to national parks, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in Sarawak, this study’s objective is to use the spatial and temporal analysis to describe the underlying trend and temporal pattern of local and foreign visitors and ultimately infer the temporal distribution of v...

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Autores principales:	Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman, Syerina Azlin Md Nasir, Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob, Serah Jaya, Suhaili Mokhtar
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	spatial and temporal analysis sustainable tourism Total Protection Areas (TPAs) Wards hierarchical clustering Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/218575b22ff54d02b9d58d4f3bc08a07
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:218575b22ff54d02b9d58d4f3bc08a072021-11-11T19:22:46ZSpatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors10.3390/su1321116182071-1050https://doaj.org/article/218575b22ff54d02b9d58d4f3bc08a072021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/11618https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Based on data of visitors to national parks, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in Sarawak, this study’s objective is to use the spatial and temporal analysis to describe the underlying trend and temporal pattern of local and foreign visitors and ultimately infer the temporal distribution of visitors to 18 different TPAs. The second aim of the study is to cluster the visitors according to the location of TPAs using Wards hierarchical clustering method. By comparing average monthly visitors’ count, we observed that the average number of monthly visitors significantly reflects the distribution concentration of visitors based on the spatial map. Findings indicate that the monthly distributions of local and foreign visitors differ according to different TPAs. The spatial and temporal analysis found that local visitors’ arrival is high at the end of the year while foreign visitors showed significant arrival during the months of July, August and September. The Wards minimum variance method was able to cluster TPAs local and foreign visitors into very high, high, medium and low visitor area. This study provides additional information that could contribute to identifying the periods of highest visitor pressure, design measures to manage the concentration of visitors and improve the overall visitors’ experience. The findings of the study are also important to respective local authorities in providing information for planning and monitoring tourism in TPAs. Consecutively, this will ensure sustainability of TPAs resources while protecting their biodiversity.Abang Zainoren Abang AbdurahmanSyerina Azlin Md NasirWan Fairos Wan YaacobSerah JayaSuhaili MokhtarMDPI AGarticlespatial and temporal analysissustainable tourismTotal Protection Areas (TPAs)Wards hierarchical clusteringEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 11618, p 11618 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	spatial and temporal analysis sustainable tourism Total Protection Areas (TPAs) Wards hierarchical clustering Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	spatial and temporal analysis sustainable tourism Total Protection Areas (TPAs) Wards hierarchical clustering Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman Syerina Azlin Md Nasir Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob Serah Jaya Suhaili Mokhtar Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
description	Based on data of visitors to national parks, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in Sarawak, this study’s objective is to use the spatial and temporal analysis to describe the underlying trend and temporal pattern of local and foreign visitors and ultimately infer the temporal distribution of visitors to 18 different TPAs. The second aim of the study is to cluster the visitors according to the location of TPAs using Wards hierarchical clustering method. By comparing average monthly visitors’ count, we observed that the average number of monthly visitors significantly reflects the distribution concentration of visitors based on the spatial map. Findings indicate that the monthly distributions of local and foreign visitors differ according to different TPAs. The spatial and temporal analysis found that local visitors’ arrival is high at the end of the year while foreign visitors showed significant arrival during the months of July, August and September. The Wards minimum variance method was able to cluster TPAs local and foreign visitors into very high, high, medium and low visitor area. This study provides additional information that could contribute to identifying the periods of highest visitor pressure, design measures to manage the concentration of visitors and improve the overall visitors’ experience. The findings of the study are also important to respective local authorities in providing information for planning and monitoring tourism in TPAs. Consecutively, this will ensure sustainability of TPAs resources while protecting their biodiversity.
format	article
author	Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman Syerina Azlin Md Nasir Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob Serah Jaya Suhaili Mokhtar
author_facet	Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman Syerina Azlin Md Nasir Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob Serah Jaya Suhaili Mokhtar
author_sort	Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman
title	Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
title_short	Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
title_full	Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
title_fullStr	Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
title_full_unstemmed	Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors
title_sort	spatio-temporal clustering of sarawak malaysia total protected area visitors
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/218575b22ff54d02b9d58d4f3bc08a07
work_keys_str_mv	AT abangzainorenabangabdurahman spatiotemporalclusteringofsarawakmalaysiatotalprotectedareavisitors AT syerinaazlinmdnasir spatiotemporalclusteringofsarawakmalaysiatotalprotectedareavisitors AT wanfairoswanyaacob spatiotemporalclusteringofsarawakmalaysiatotalprotectedareavisitors AT serahjaya spatiotemporalclusteringofsarawakmalaysiatotalprotectedareavisitors AT suhailimokhtar spatiotemporalclusteringofsarawakmalaysiatotalprotectedareavisitors
_version_	1718431513443303424

Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Sarawak Malaysia Total Protected Area Visitors

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