Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections

Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial impli...

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Autores principales:	Katie Rubitschung, Amber Sherwood, Andrew P. Crisologo, Kavita Bhavan, Robert W. Haley, Dane K. Wukich, Laila Castellino, Helena Hwang, Javier La Fontaine, Avneesh Chhabra, Lawrence Lavery, Orhan K. Öz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	diabetic foot infection molecular imaging test predictive value X-ray optical tomography DWI Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/218eebccecd34cb0bef4f98b627bd0d2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:218eebccecd34cb0bef4f98b627bd0d22021-11-11T17:01:42ZPathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections10.3390/ijms2221115521422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/218eebccecd34cb0bef4f98b627bd0d22021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11552https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial implications of diabetic foot infection (DFI) indicate an acute need for improved clinical assessment and treatment. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current non-invasive imaging modalities have made diagnosis and treatment response challenging. Current anatomical and molecular clinical imaging strategies have mainly targeted the host’s immune responses rather than the unique metabolism of the invading microorganism. Advances in imaging have the potential to reduce the impact of these problems and improve the assessment of DFI, particularly in distinguishing infection of soft tissue alone from osteomyelitis (OM). This review presents a summary of the known pathophysiology of DFI, the molecular basis of current and emerging diagnostic imaging techniques, and the mechanistic links of these imaging techniques to the pathophysiology of diabetic foot infections.Katie RubitschungAmber SherwoodAndrew P. CrisologoKavita BhavanRobert W. HaleyDane K. WukichLaila CastellinoHelena HwangJavier La FontaineAvneesh ChhabraLawrence LaveryOrhan K. ÖzMDPI AGarticlediabetic foot infectionmolecular imagingtest predictive valueX-rayoptical tomographyDWIBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11552, p 11552 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	diabetic foot infection molecular imaging test predictive value X-ray optical tomography DWI Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	diabetic foot infection molecular imaging test predictive value X-ray optical tomography DWI Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Katie Rubitschung Amber Sherwood Andrew P. Crisologo Kavita Bhavan Robert W. Haley Dane K. Wukich Laila Castellino Helena Hwang Javier La Fontaine Avneesh Chhabra Lawrence Lavery Orhan K. Öz Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
description	Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial implications of diabetic foot infection (DFI) indicate an acute need for improved clinical assessment and treatment. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current non-invasive imaging modalities have made diagnosis and treatment response challenging. Current anatomical and molecular clinical imaging strategies have mainly targeted the host’s immune responses rather than the unique metabolism of the invading microorganism. Advances in imaging have the potential to reduce the impact of these problems and improve the assessment of DFI, particularly in distinguishing infection of soft tissue alone from osteomyelitis (OM). This review presents a summary of the known pathophysiology of DFI, the molecular basis of current and emerging diagnostic imaging techniques, and the mechanistic links of these imaging techniques to the pathophysiology of diabetic foot infections.
format	article
author	Katie Rubitschung Amber Sherwood Andrew P. Crisologo Kavita Bhavan Robert W. Haley Dane K. Wukich Laila Castellino Helena Hwang Javier La Fontaine Avneesh Chhabra Lawrence Lavery Orhan K. Öz
author_facet	Katie Rubitschung Amber Sherwood Andrew P. Crisologo Kavita Bhavan Robert W. Haley Dane K. Wukich Laila Castellino Helena Hwang Javier La Fontaine Avneesh Chhabra Lawrence Lavery Orhan K. Öz
author_sort	Katie Rubitschung
title	Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
title_short	Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
title_full	Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
title_fullStr	Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
title_full_unstemmed	Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
title_sort	pathophysiology and molecular imaging of diabetic foot infections
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/218eebccecd34cb0bef4f98b627bd0d2
work_keys_str_mv	AT katierubitschung pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT ambersherwood pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT andrewpcrisologo pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT kavitabhavan pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT robertwhaley pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT danekwukich pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT lailacastellino pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT helenahwang pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT javierlafontaine pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT avneeshchhabra pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT lawrencelavery pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections AT orhankoz pathophysiologyandmolecularimagingofdiabeticfootinfections
_version_	1718432164478976000

Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections

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