Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review

Quinoa is a strategic crop due to its high N content and its adaptability to adverse conditions, where most of the soils are deficient of nitrogen (N). The central question in this review was the following: How can quinoa yield low levels of nitrogen in the soils of Altiplano? This question was unra...

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Autores principales:	Jesús E. Cárdenas-Castillo, José Delatorre-Herrera, Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy, Juan Pablo Rodriguez
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	quinoa nitrogen harvested by yield apparent use efficiency of N arid environments Altiplano Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/21dcb5f27c4144c9a0844f5135a69b99
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:21dcb5f27c4144c9a0844f5135a69b992021-11-25T18:46:55ZQuinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review10.3390/plants101124792223-7747https://doaj.org/article/21dcb5f27c4144c9a0844f5135a69b992021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2479https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Quinoa is a strategic crop due to its high N content and its adaptability to adverse conditions, where most of the soils are deficient of nitrogen (N). The central question in this review was the following: How can quinoa yield low levels of nitrogen in the soils of Altiplano? This question was unraveled based on different factors: (1) fertilization effect on productivity, (2) fertilization limits, (3) uptake and assimilation of nitrogen parameters, (4) monoculture practice effect, and (5) possible sources and strategies. One hundred eleven articles of different scientific platforms were revised and data were collected. Information from articles was used to calculate the partial factor productivity for nitrogen (PFPN), the apparent use efficiency of N (APUE<sub>N</sub>), available nitrogen (AN), and nitrogen content harvested in grains (HarvN). Quinoa responds positively to fertilization, but differences in yield were found among irrigated and rainfed conditions. Quinoa can produce 1850 kg grains ha<sup>−1</sup> with 50 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> under irrigated conditions, and 670 kg grains ha<sup>−1</sup> with 15 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> in rainfed conditions. Quinoa increases seed yield and HarvN increases N fertilization, but decreases nitrogen efficiency. In Altiplano, without nitrogen fertilizer, the quinoa yield relies on between 500 and 1000 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, which shows that in the soil, there are other nitrogen sources.Jesús E. Cárdenas-CastilloJosé Delatorre-HerreraLuisa Bascuñán-GodoyJuan Pablo RodriguezMDPI AGarticlequinoanitrogen harvested by yieldapparent use efficiency of Narid environmentsAltiplanoBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2479, p 2479 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	quinoa nitrogen harvested by yield apparent use efficiency of N arid environments Altiplano Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	quinoa nitrogen harvested by yield apparent use efficiency of N arid environments Altiplano Botany QK1-989 Jesús E. Cárdenas-Castillo José Delatorre-Herrera Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy Juan Pablo Rodriguez Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review
description	Quinoa is a strategic crop due to its high N content and its adaptability to adverse conditions, where most of the soils are deficient of nitrogen (N). The central question in this review was the following: How can quinoa yield low levels of nitrogen in the soils of Altiplano? This question was unraveled based on different factors: (1) fertilization effect on productivity, (2) fertilization limits, (3) uptake and assimilation of nitrogen parameters, (4) monoculture practice effect, and (5) possible sources and strategies. One hundred eleven articles of different scientific platforms were revised and data were collected. Information from articles was used to calculate the partial factor productivity for nitrogen (PFPN), the apparent use efficiency of N (APUE<sub>N</sub>), available nitrogen (AN), and nitrogen content harvested in grains (HarvN). Quinoa responds positively to fertilization, but differences in yield were found among irrigated and rainfed conditions. Quinoa can produce 1850 kg grains ha<sup>−1</sup> with 50 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> under irrigated conditions, and 670 kg grains ha<sup>−1</sup> with 15 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> in rainfed conditions. Quinoa increases seed yield and HarvN increases N fertilization, but decreases nitrogen efficiency. In Altiplano, without nitrogen fertilizer, the quinoa yield relies on between 500 and 1000 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, which shows that in the soil, there are other nitrogen sources.
format	article
author	Jesús E. Cárdenas-Castillo José Delatorre-Herrera Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy Juan Pablo Rodriguez
author_facet	Jesús E. Cárdenas-Castillo José Delatorre-Herrera Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy Juan Pablo Rodriguez
author_sort	Jesús E. Cárdenas-Castillo
title	Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review
title_short	Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review
title_full	Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review
title_fullStr	Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review
title_full_unstemmed	Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review
title_sort	quinoa (<i>chenopodium quinoa</i> wild.) seed yield and efficiency in soils deficient of nitrogen in the bolivian altiplano: an analytical review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/21dcb5f27c4144c9a0844f5135a69b99
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Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review

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