Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization

Event-related desynchronization (ERD) is a relative attenuation in the spectral power of an electroencephalogram (EEG) observed over the sensorimotor area during motor execution and motor imagery. It is a well-known EEG feature and is commonly employed in brain-computer interfaces. However, its unde...

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Autores principales:	Kosei Nakayashiki, Hajime Tojiki, Yoshikatsu Hayashi, Shiro Yano, Toshiyuki Kondo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	brain-computer interface EEG grasping isometric event-related desynchronization Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2226310827b248539adfe83b3c0a791e
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:2226310827b248539adfe83b3c0a791e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2226310827b248539adfe83b3c0a791e2021-11-11T05:20:22ZBrain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization1662-516110.3389/fnhum.2021.764281https://doaj.org/article/2226310827b248539adfe83b3c0a791e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.764281/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161Event-related desynchronization (ERD) is a relative attenuation in the spectral power of an electroencephalogram (EEG) observed over the sensorimotor area during motor execution and motor imagery. It is a well-known EEG feature and is commonly employed in brain-computer interfaces. However, its underlying neural mechanisms are not fully understood, as ERD is a single variable correlated with external events involving numerous pathways, such as motor intention, planning, and execution. In this study, we aimed to identify a dominant factor for inducing ERD. Participants were instructed to grasp their right hand with three different (10, 25, or 40%MVF: maximum voluntary force) levels under two distinct experimental conditions: a closed-loop condition involving real-time visual force feedback (VF) or an open-loop condition in a feedforward (FF) manner. In each condition, participants were instructed to repeat the grasping task a certain number of times with a timeline of Rest (10.0 s), Preparation (1.0 s), and Motor Execution (4.0 s) periods, respectively. EEG signals were recorded simultaneously with the motor task to evaluate the time-course of the event-related spectrum perturbation for each condition and dissect the modulation of EEG power. We performed statistical analysis of mu and beta-ERD under the instructed grasping force levels and the feedback conditions. In the FF condition (i.e., no force feedback), mu and beta-ERD were significantly attenuated in the contralateral motor cortex during the middle of the motor execution period, while ERD in the VF condition was maintained even during keep grasping. Only mu-ERD at the somatosensory cortex tended to be slightly stronger in high load conditions. The results suggest that the extent of ERD reflects neural activity involved in the motor planning process for changing virtual equilibrium point rather than the motor control process for recruiting motor neurons to regulate grasping force.Kosei NakayashikiHajime TojikiYoshikatsu HayashiShiro YanoToshiyuki KondoFrontiers Media S.A.articlebrain-computer interfaceEEGgraspingisometricevent-related desynchronizationNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	brain-computer interface EEG grasping isometric event-related desynchronization Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	brain-computer interface EEG grasping isometric event-related desynchronization Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Kosei Nakayashiki Hajime Tojiki Yoshikatsu Hayashi Shiro Yano Toshiyuki Kondo Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization
description	Event-related desynchronization (ERD) is a relative attenuation in the spectral power of an electroencephalogram (EEG) observed over the sensorimotor area during motor execution and motor imagery. It is a well-known EEG feature and is commonly employed in brain-computer interfaces. However, its underlying neural mechanisms are not fully understood, as ERD is a single variable correlated with external events involving numerous pathways, such as motor intention, planning, and execution. In this study, we aimed to identify a dominant factor for inducing ERD. Participants were instructed to grasp their right hand with three different (10, 25, or 40%MVF: maximum voluntary force) levels under two distinct experimental conditions: a closed-loop condition involving real-time visual force feedback (VF) or an open-loop condition in a feedforward (FF) manner. In each condition, participants were instructed to repeat the grasping task a certain number of times with a timeline of Rest (10.0 s), Preparation (1.0 s), and Motor Execution (4.0 s) periods, respectively. EEG signals were recorded simultaneously with the motor task to evaluate the time-course of the event-related spectrum perturbation for each condition and dissect the modulation of EEG power. We performed statistical analysis of mu and beta-ERD under the instructed grasping force levels and the feedback conditions. In the FF condition (i.e., no force feedback), mu and beta-ERD were significantly attenuated in the contralateral motor cortex during the middle of the motor execution period, while ERD in the VF condition was maintained even during keep grasping. Only mu-ERD at the somatosensory cortex tended to be slightly stronger in high load conditions. The results suggest that the extent of ERD reflects neural activity involved in the motor planning process for changing virtual equilibrium point rather than the motor control process for recruiting motor neurons to regulate grasping force.
format	article
author	Kosei Nakayashiki Hajime Tojiki Yoshikatsu Hayashi Shiro Yano Toshiyuki Kondo
author_facet	Kosei Nakayashiki Hajime Tojiki Yoshikatsu Hayashi Shiro Yano Toshiyuki Kondo
author_sort	Kosei Nakayashiki
title	Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization
title_short	Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization
title_full	Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization
title_fullStr	Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization
title_full_unstemmed	Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization
title_sort	brain processes involved in motor planning are a dominant factor for inducing event-related desynchronization
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2226310827b248539adfe83b3c0a791e
work_keys_str_mv	AT koseinakayashiki brainprocessesinvolvedinmotorplanningareadominantfactorforinducingeventrelateddesynchronization AT hajimetojiki brainprocessesinvolvedinmotorplanningareadominantfactorforinducingeventrelateddesynchronization AT yoshikatsuhayashi brainprocessesinvolvedinmotorplanningareadominantfactorforinducingeventrelateddesynchronization AT shiroyano brainprocessesinvolvedinmotorplanningareadominantfactorforinducingeventrelateddesynchronization AT toshiyukikondo brainprocessesinvolvedinmotorplanningareadominantfactorforinducingeventrelateddesynchronization
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Brain Processes Involved in Motor Planning Are a Dominant Factor for Inducing Event-Related Desynchronization

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