Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean

Abstract The Antarctic coastal fauna is characterized by high endemism related to the progressive cooling of Antarctic waters and their isolation by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The origin of the Antarctic coastal fauna could involve either colonization from adjoining deep-sea areas or migrati...

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Autores principales:	Wojciech Majewski, Maria Holzmann, Andrew J. Gooday, Aneta Majda, Tomasz Mamos, Jan Pawlowski
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2293b8779d024b68846b0aa163c2d508
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2293b8779d024b68846b0aa163c2d5082021-12-02T17:13:16ZCenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean10.1038/s41598-021-99155-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/2293b8779d024b68846b0aa163c2d5082021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99155-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The Antarctic coastal fauna is characterized by high endemism related to the progressive cooling of Antarctic waters and their isolation by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The origin of the Antarctic coastal fauna could involve either colonization from adjoining deep-sea areas or migration through the Drake Passage from sub-Antarctic areas. Here, we tested these hypotheses by comparing the morphology and genetics of benthic foraminifera collected from Antarctica, sub-Antarctic coastal settings in South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and Patagonian fjords. We analyzed four genera (Cassidulina, Globocassidulina, Cassidulinoides, Ehrenbergina) of the family Cassidulinidae that are represented by at least nine species in our samples. Focusing on the genera Globocassidulina and Cassidulinoides, our results showed that the first split between sub-Antarctic and Antarctic lineages took place during the mid-Miocene climate reorganization, probably about 20 to 17 million years ago (Ma). It was followed by a divergence between Antarctic species ~ 10 Ma, probably related to the cooling of deep water and vertical structuring of the water-column, as well as broadening and deepening of the continental shelf. The gene flow across the Drake Passage, as well as between South America and South Georgia, seems to have occurred from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene. It appears that climate warming during 7–5 Ma and the migration of the Polar Front breached biogeographic barriers and facilitated inter-species hybridization. The latest radiation coincided with glacial intensification (~ 2 Ma), which accelerated geographic fragmentation of populations, demographic changes, and genetic diversification in Antarctic species. Our results show that the evolution of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic coastal benthic foraminifera was linked to the tectonic and climatic history of the area, but their evolutionary response was not uniform and reflected species-specific ecological adaptations that influenced the dispersal patterns and biogeography of each species in different ways.Wojciech MajewskiMaria HolzmannAndrew J. GoodayAneta MajdaTomasz MamosJan PawlowskiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Wojciech Majewski Maria Holzmann Andrew J. Gooday Aneta Majda Tomasz Mamos Jan Pawlowski Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean
description	Abstract The Antarctic coastal fauna is characterized by high endemism related to the progressive cooling of Antarctic waters and their isolation by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The origin of the Antarctic coastal fauna could involve either colonization from adjoining deep-sea areas or migration through the Drake Passage from sub-Antarctic areas. Here, we tested these hypotheses by comparing the morphology and genetics of benthic foraminifera collected from Antarctica, sub-Antarctic coastal settings in South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and Patagonian fjords. We analyzed four genera (Cassidulina, Globocassidulina, Cassidulinoides, Ehrenbergina) of the family Cassidulinidae that are represented by at least nine species in our samples. Focusing on the genera Globocassidulina and Cassidulinoides, our results showed that the first split between sub-Antarctic and Antarctic lineages took place during the mid-Miocene climate reorganization, probably about 20 to 17 million years ago (Ma). It was followed by a divergence between Antarctic species ~ 10 Ma, probably related to the cooling of deep water and vertical structuring of the water-column, as well as broadening and deepening of the continental shelf. The gene flow across the Drake Passage, as well as between South America and South Georgia, seems to have occurred from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene. It appears that climate warming during 7–5 Ma and the migration of the Polar Front breached biogeographic barriers and facilitated inter-species hybridization. The latest radiation coincided with glacial intensification (~ 2 Ma), which accelerated geographic fragmentation of populations, demographic changes, and genetic diversification in Antarctic species. Our results show that the evolution of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic coastal benthic foraminifera was linked to the tectonic and climatic history of the area, but their evolutionary response was not uniform and reflected species-specific ecological adaptations that influenced the dispersal patterns and biogeography of each species in different ways.
format	article
author	Wojciech Majewski Maria Holzmann Andrew J. Gooday Aneta Majda Tomasz Mamos Jan Pawlowski
author_facet	Wojciech Majewski Maria Holzmann Andrew J. Gooday Aneta Majda Tomasz Mamos Jan Pawlowski
author_sort	Wojciech Majewski
title	Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean
title_short	Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean
title_full	Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean
title_fullStr	Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean
title_full_unstemmed	Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean
title_sort	cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the southern ocean
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2293b8779d024b68846b0aa163c2d508
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Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean

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