Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor

Abstract Amaranthus tricolor L., a vegetable Amaranthus species, is an economically important crop containing large amounts of betalains. Betalains are natural antioxidants and can be classified into betacyanins and betaxanthins, with red and yellow colors, respectively. A. tricolor cultivars with v...

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Autores principales:	Yu-Cheng Chang, Yi-Ching Chiu, Nai-Wen Tsao, Yuan-Lin Chou, Choon-Meng Tan, Yi-Hsuan Chiang, Pei-Chi Liao, Ya-Chien Lee, Li-Ching Hsieh, Sheng-Yang Wang, Jun-Yi Yang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/22ee6cd1cb8145f39d72c1ef3a0b1261
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:22ee6cd1cb8145f39d72c1ef3a0b12612021-12-02T13:18:01ZElucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor10.1038/s41598-021-85486-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/22ee6cd1cb8145f39d72c1ef3a0b12612021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85486-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Amaranthus tricolor L., a vegetable Amaranthus species, is an economically important crop containing large amounts of betalains. Betalains are natural antioxidants and can be classified into betacyanins and betaxanthins, with red and yellow colors, respectively. A. tricolor cultivars with varying betalain contents, leading to striking red to green coloration, have been commercially produced. However, the molecular differences underlying betalain biosynthesis in various cultivars of A. tricolor remain largely unknown. In this study, A. tricolor cultivars with different colors were chosen for comparative transcriptome analysis. The elevated expression of AmCYP76AD1 in a red-leaf cultivar of A. tricolor was proposed to play a key role in producing red betalain pigments. The functions of AmCYP76AD1, AmDODAα1, AmDODAα2, and AmcDOPA5GT were also characterized through the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, high and low L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activities of AmDODAα1 and AmDODAα2, respectively, were confirmed through in vitro enzymatic assays. Thus, comparative transcriptome analysis combined with functional and enzymatic studies allowed the construction of a core betalain biosynthesis pathway of A. tricolor. These results not only provide novel insights into betalain biosynthesis and evolution in A. tricolor but also provide a basal framework for examining genes related to betalain biosynthesis among different species of Amaranthaceae.Yu-Cheng ChangYi-Ching ChiuNai-Wen TsaoYuan-Lin ChouChoon-Meng TanYi-Hsuan ChiangPei-Chi LiaoYa-Chien LeeLi-Ching HsiehSheng-Yang WangJun-Yi YangNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Yu-Cheng Chang Yi-Ching Chiu Nai-Wen Tsao Yuan-Lin Chou Choon-Meng Tan Yi-Hsuan Chiang Pei-Chi Liao Ya-Chien Lee Li-Ching Hsieh Sheng-Yang Wang Jun-Yi Yang Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor
description	Abstract Amaranthus tricolor L., a vegetable Amaranthus species, is an economically important crop containing large amounts of betalains. Betalains are natural antioxidants and can be classified into betacyanins and betaxanthins, with red and yellow colors, respectively. A. tricolor cultivars with varying betalain contents, leading to striking red to green coloration, have been commercially produced. However, the molecular differences underlying betalain biosynthesis in various cultivars of A. tricolor remain largely unknown. In this study, A. tricolor cultivars with different colors were chosen for comparative transcriptome analysis. The elevated expression of AmCYP76AD1 in a red-leaf cultivar of A. tricolor was proposed to play a key role in producing red betalain pigments. The functions of AmCYP76AD1, AmDODAα1, AmDODAα2, and AmcDOPA5GT were also characterized through the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, high and low L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activities of AmDODAα1 and AmDODAα2, respectively, were confirmed through in vitro enzymatic assays. Thus, comparative transcriptome analysis combined with functional and enzymatic studies allowed the construction of a core betalain biosynthesis pathway of A. tricolor. These results not only provide novel insights into betalain biosynthesis and evolution in A. tricolor but also provide a basal framework for examining genes related to betalain biosynthesis among different species of Amaranthaceae.
format	article
author	Yu-Cheng Chang Yi-Ching Chiu Nai-Wen Tsao Yuan-Lin Chou Choon-Meng Tan Yi-Hsuan Chiang Pei-Chi Liao Ya-Chien Lee Li-Ching Hsieh Sheng-Yang Wang Jun-Yi Yang
author_facet	Yu-Cheng Chang Yi-Ching Chiu Nai-Wen Tsao Yuan-Lin Chou Choon-Meng Tan Yi-Hsuan Chiang Pei-Chi Liao Ya-Chien Lee Li-Ching Hsieh Sheng-Yang Wang Jun-Yi Yang
author_sort	Yu-Cheng Chang
title	Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor
title_short	Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor
title_full	Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor
title_fullStr	Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor
title_full_unstemmed	Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor
title_sort	elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in amaranthus tricolor
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/22ee6cd1cb8145f39d72c1ef3a0b1261
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Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor

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