Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – the causative agent of COVID-19 – can be prevented through non-pharmaceutical interventions such as observing proper hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rubs/sanitisers (ABHRs) as recommended by the WHO and local health authorities. However, this recommendation has le...

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Autor principal:	Abdullahi A. Yusuf
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Academy of Science of South Africa 2021
Materias:	alcohol contents ABHRs COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 homemade hand sanitisers gas chromatography Science Q Science (General) Q1-390 Social Sciences H Social sciences (General) H1-99
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/230a3f25b84b4e9783dfd4b27232c044
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:230a3f25b84b4e9783dfd4b27232c0442021-12-02T06:15:04ZDetermination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?10.17159/sajs.2021/93281996-7489https://doaj.org/article/230a3f25b84b4e9783dfd4b27232c0442021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://sajs.co.za/article/view/9328https://doaj.org/toc/1996-7489 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – the causative agent of COVID-19 – can be prevented through non-pharmaceutical interventions such as observing proper hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rubs/sanitisers (ABHRs) as recommended by the WHO and local health authorities. However, this recommendation has led to high demand for ABHRs and proliferation of sub-standard products, which do not contain the recommended amount of alcohol. Fifty products of different origins and formulations obtained off-the-shelf and in public places in and around Pretoria (South Africa) were analysed for their alcohol content using gas chromatography. Ethanol was the most common alcohol used in the products, followed by isopropanol. Only 21 (42%) of the products analysed contained at least 70% alcohol; of these only 14 (28%) met the WHO recommended 80±5% alcohol content to have a virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2. Of the 41 commercial off-the-shelf products analysed, 27 (66%) contained less than 70% alcohol in comparison to 13% of homemade products. Only 18% of gel products contained 70% alcohol, compared with 47% for liquid-based products. Most of the products did not contain the appropriate or correct declaration as recommended by the South African National Standards (SANS 289 and 490). The proliferation of substandard ABHRs is of great public health concern and calls for stricter regulations and enforcement in order to protect consumers, their rights and well-being during and post the COVID-19 pandemic period. However, in the interim, formulation of ABHRs using the WHO guidelines should be mandatory, as such formulations, when made correctly, do have the required virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2. Significance: • Commercial, off-the-shelf and public hand sanitisers were analysed to determine whether they contained enough alcohol to be efficacious virucides as recommended by the WHO. • The majority of the products analysed were substandard, did not contain the recommended amount of alcohols and were not labelled correctly according to local and international standards. • Homemade products conformed to a greater degree to the WHO standards for alcohol-based hand sanitisers. It is evident from these results that there is a need to monitor the manufacture of off-the-shelf products to ensure compliance and to assure consumers that products offer the required protection against SARS-CoV-2. Abdullahi A. YusufAcademy of Science of South Africaarticlealcohol contentsABHRsCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2homemade hand sanitisersgas chromatographyScienceQScience (General)Q1-390Social SciencesHSocial sciences (General)H1-99ENSouth African Journal of Science, Vol 117, Iss 11/12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	alcohol contents ABHRs COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 homemade hand sanitisers gas chromatography Science Q Science (General) Q1-390 Social Sciences H Social sciences (General) H1-99
spellingShingle	alcohol contents ABHRs COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 homemade hand sanitisers gas chromatography Science Q Science (General) Q1-390 Social Sciences H Social sciences (General) H1-99 Abdullahi A. Yusuf Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
description	Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – the causative agent of COVID-19 – can be prevented through non-pharmaceutical interventions such as observing proper hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rubs/sanitisers (ABHRs) as recommended by the WHO and local health authorities. However, this recommendation has led to high demand for ABHRs and proliferation of sub-standard products, which do not contain the recommended amount of alcohol. Fifty products of different origins and formulations obtained off-the-shelf and in public places in and around Pretoria (South Africa) were analysed for their alcohol content using gas chromatography. Ethanol was the most common alcohol used in the products, followed by isopropanol. Only 21 (42%) of the products analysed contained at least 70% alcohol; of these only 14 (28%) met the WHO recommended 80±5% alcohol content to have a virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2. Of the 41 commercial off-the-shelf products analysed, 27 (66%) contained less than 70% alcohol in comparison to 13% of homemade products. Only 18% of gel products contained 70% alcohol, compared with 47% for liquid-based products. Most of the products did not contain the appropriate or correct declaration as recommended by the South African National Standards (SANS 289 and 490). The proliferation of substandard ABHRs is of great public health concern and calls for stricter regulations and enforcement in order to protect consumers, their rights and well-being during and post the COVID-19 pandemic period. However, in the interim, formulation of ABHRs using the WHO guidelines should be mandatory, as such formulations, when made correctly, do have the required virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2. Significance: • Commercial, off-the-shelf and public hand sanitisers were analysed to determine whether they contained enough alcohol to be efficacious virucides as recommended by the WHO. • The majority of the products analysed were substandard, did not contain the recommended amount of alcohols and were not labelled correctly according to local and international standards. • Homemade products conformed to a greater degree to the WHO standards for alcohol-based hand sanitisers. It is evident from these results that there is a need to monitor the manufacture of off-the-shelf products to ensure compliance and to assure consumers that products offer the required protection against SARS-CoV-2.
format	article
author	Abdullahi A. Yusuf
author_facet	Abdullahi A. Yusuf
author_sort	Abdullahi A. Yusuf
title	Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
title_short	Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
title_full	Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
title_fullStr	Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
title_full_unstemmed	Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
title_sort	determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?
publisher	Academy of Science of South Africa
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/230a3f25b84b4e9783dfd4b27232c044
work_keys_str_mv	AT abdullahiayusuf determinationofalcoholsinhandsanitisersareofftheshelfhandsanitiserswhattheyclaimtobe
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Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?

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