Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)

Salmonid fish have become important models in evolution and ecology, but possible effects of embryo or larval sex are mostly ignored, probably because morphological gonad formation starts only months after hatching and sexual maturation years later. However, recent gene expression studies and first...

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Autores principales:	David Nusbaumer, Laura Garaud, Laurie Ançay, Claus Wedekind
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	fish genetic sexing embryo hatching yolk-sac larvae environmental stress Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2314cef9a1074009aeb211f83dca5807
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2314cef9a1074009aeb211f83dca58072021-11-17T12:23:12ZSex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)2296-701X10.3389/fevo.2021.768263https://doaj.org/article/2314cef9a1074009aeb211f83dca58072021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.768263/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-701XSalmonid fish have become important models in evolution and ecology, but possible effects of embryo or larval sex are mostly ignored, probably because morphological gonad formation starts only months after hatching and sexual maturation years later. However, recent gene expression studies and first observations in domestic strains suggest that sex-specific life histories could already start at an embryonic stage. Here we test this hypothesis in embryos and larvae of lake char (Salvelinus umbla). We sampled wild char and used their gametes to produce embryos of 40 different families. Embryos were raised singly in a stress or a non-stress environment until a late larval stage (stress was induced by allowing remainders of ovarian fluids to support microbial growth). Genetic markers were then used to sex the fish and reconstruct paternity (N = 1,463, including dead embryos). Primary sex ratio did not differ among families and was about 1:1. Female embryos hatched on average later and showed lower stress tolerance than male embryos. There were significant parental effects on offspring growth and mortality, but the sex differences in embryo performance were not family specific. We conclude that the sexes differ in their life history and susceptibilities to environmental stress already at embryonic stages. Environmental stress during incubation can therefore affect population sex ratio and hence population growth and genetics.David NusbaumerLaura GaraudLaurie AnçayClaus WedekindFrontiers Media S.A.articlefishgenetic sexingembryohatchingyolk-sac larvaeenvironmental stressEvolutionQH359-425EcologyQH540-549.5ENFrontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fish genetic sexing embryo hatching yolk-sac larvae environmental stress Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	fish genetic sexing embryo hatching yolk-sac larvae environmental stress Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 David Nusbaumer Laura Garaud Laurie Ançay Claus Wedekind Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)
description	Salmonid fish have become important models in evolution and ecology, but possible effects of embryo or larval sex are mostly ignored, probably because morphological gonad formation starts only months after hatching and sexual maturation years later. However, recent gene expression studies and first observations in domestic strains suggest that sex-specific life histories could already start at an embryonic stage. Here we test this hypothesis in embryos and larvae of lake char (Salvelinus umbla). We sampled wild char and used their gametes to produce embryos of 40 different families. Embryos were raised singly in a stress or a non-stress environment until a late larval stage (stress was induced by allowing remainders of ovarian fluids to support microbial growth). Genetic markers were then used to sex the fish and reconstruct paternity (N = 1,463, including dead embryos). Primary sex ratio did not differ among families and was about 1:1. Female embryos hatched on average later and showed lower stress tolerance than male embryos. There were significant parental effects on offspring growth and mortality, but the sex differences in embryo performance were not family specific. We conclude that the sexes differ in their life history and susceptibilities to environmental stress already at embryonic stages. Environmental stress during incubation can therefore affect population sex ratio and hence population growth and genetics.
format	article
author	David Nusbaumer Laura Garaud Laurie Ançay Claus Wedekind
author_facet	David Nusbaumer Laura Garaud Laurie Ançay Claus Wedekind
author_sort	David Nusbaumer
title	Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)
title_short	Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)
title_full	Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)
title_fullStr	Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)
title_full_unstemmed	Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)
title_sort	sex-specific stress tolerance in embryos of lake char (salvelinus umbla)
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2314cef9a1074009aeb211f83dca5807
work_keys_str_mv	AT davidnusbaumer sexspecificstresstoleranceinembryosoflakecharsalvelinusumbla AT lauragaraud sexspecificstresstoleranceinembryosoflakecharsalvelinusumbla AT laurieancay sexspecificstresstoleranceinembryosoflakecharsalvelinusumbla AT clauswedekind sexspecificstresstoleranceinembryosoflakecharsalvelinusumbla
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Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla)

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