Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study

The aim of the present study was to compare the acute and cumulative cytotoxicity of intact (n-GE) and warmed genipin (w-GE), while investigating the differences in crosslinking capabilities of these two genipins by rheological and mechanical tests. The n-GE solution was prepared by dissolving genip...

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Autores principales: Takeya Kawamura, Shunji Yunoki, Yoshimi Ohyabu, Toshio Uraoka, Kazuaki Muramatsu
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Publicado: MDPI AG 2021
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:237380996a1f47a7a7da95aaf32532d22021-11-11T18:08:13ZCrosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study10.3390/ma142166001996-1944https://doaj.org/article/237380996a1f47a7a7da95aaf32532d22021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/21/6600https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1944The aim of the present study was to compare the acute and cumulative cytotoxicity of intact (n-GE) and warmed genipin (w-GE), while investigating the differences in crosslinking capabilities of these two genipins by rheological and mechanical tests. The n-GE solution was prepared by dissolving genipin powder in a sodium phosphate buffer solution. The w-GE solution was prepared by warming the n-GE solution at 37 °C for 24 h. The mechanical tests for chitosan (CH)/genipin gels showed the crosslinking rate of w-GE was much greater than that of n-GE up until 6 h after preparation, whereas the degree of crosslinking of CH/n-GE gels became higher at 12 h. The ISO 10993-5 standard method, which is established specifically for evaluating cumulative cytotoxicity, determined equivalent IC50 for w-GE (0.173 mM) and n-GE (0.166 mM). On the other hand, custom-made cytotoxicity tests using a WST-8 assay after 1 h of cultivation showed that the acute cytotoxicity of w-GE was significantly higher than that of n-GE at concentrations between 0.1–5 mM. The acute cytotoxicity of w-GE should be taken into consideration in its practical uses, despite the fact that the much faster crosslinking of w-GE is useful as an effective cross linker for in-situ forming gels.Takeya KawamuraShunji YunokiYoshimi OhyabuToshio UraokaKazuaki MuramatsuMDPI AGarticlegenipincrosslinkinghydrogelaldehydecytotoxicityIC50TechnologyTElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040MicroscopyQH201-278.5Descriptive and experimental mechanicsQC120-168.85ENMaterials, Vol 14, Iss 6600, p 6600 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic genipin
crosslinking
hydrogel
aldehyde
cytotoxicity
IC50
Technology
T
Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
TK1-9971
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TA1-2040
Microscopy
QH201-278.5
Descriptive and experimental mechanics
QC120-168.85
spellingShingle genipin
crosslinking
hydrogel
aldehyde
cytotoxicity
IC50
Technology
T
Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
TK1-9971
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TA1-2040
Microscopy
QH201-278.5
Descriptive and experimental mechanics
QC120-168.85
Takeya Kawamura
Shunji Yunoki
Yoshimi Ohyabu
Toshio Uraoka
Kazuaki Muramatsu
Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study
description The aim of the present study was to compare the acute and cumulative cytotoxicity of intact (n-GE) and warmed genipin (w-GE), while investigating the differences in crosslinking capabilities of these two genipins by rheological and mechanical tests. The n-GE solution was prepared by dissolving genipin powder in a sodium phosphate buffer solution. The w-GE solution was prepared by warming the n-GE solution at 37 °C for 24 h. The mechanical tests for chitosan (CH)/genipin gels showed the crosslinking rate of w-GE was much greater than that of n-GE up until 6 h after preparation, whereas the degree of crosslinking of CH/n-GE gels became higher at 12 h. The ISO 10993-5 standard method, which is established specifically for evaluating cumulative cytotoxicity, determined equivalent IC50 for w-GE (0.173 mM) and n-GE (0.166 mM). On the other hand, custom-made cytotoxicity tests using a WST-8 assay after 1 h of cultivation showed that the acute cytotoxicity of w-GE was significantly higher than that of n-GE at concentrations between 0.1–5 mM. The acute cytotoxicity of w-GE should be taken into consideration in its practical uses, despite the fact that the much faster crosslinking of w-GE is useful as an effective cross linker for in-situ forming gels.
format article
author Takeya Kawamura
Shunji Yunoki
Yoshimi Ohyabu
Toshio Uraoka
Kazuaki Muramatsu
author_facet Takeya Kawamura
Shunji Yunoki
Yoshimi Ohyabu
Toshio Uraoka
Kazuaki Muramatsu
author_sort Takeya Kawamura
title Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study
title_short Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study
title_full Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study
title_fullStr Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study
title_full_unstemmed Crosslinking Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Genipin and Its Activated Form Prepared by Warming It in a Phosphate Buffer: A Comparative Study
title_sort crosslinking efficacy and cytotoxicity of genipin and its activated form prepared by warming it in a phosphate buffer: a comparative study
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/237380996a1f47a7a7da95aaf32532d2
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AT yoshimiohyabu crosslinkingefficacyandcytotoxicityofgenipinanditsactivatedformpreparedbywarmingitinaphosphatebufferacomparativestudy
AT toshiouraoka crosslinkingefficacyandcytotoxicityofgenipinanditsactivatedformpreparedbywarmingitinaphosphatebufferacomparativestudy
AT kazuakimuramatsu crosslinkingefficacyandcytotoxicityofgenipinanditsactivatedformpreparedbywarmingitinaphosphatebufferacomparativestudy
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