Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality

Forest health and multifunctionality are threatened by global challenges such as climate change. Forest health is currently assessed within the pan-European ICP Forests (International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) programme through the evalu...

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Autores principales:	Filippo Bussotti, Giancarlo Papitto, Domenico Di Martino, Cristiana Cocciufa, Claudia Cindolo, Enrico Cenni, Davide Bettini, Giovanni Iacopetti, Martina Pollastrini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	crown conditions delayed mortality heat and drought waves long-term monitoring ICP Forests crown recovery Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/238f6ae73a4540dea85767ecd84960b9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:238f6ae73a4540dea85767ecd84960b92021-11-25T17:37:42ZDefoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality10.3390/f121114761999-4907https://doaj.org/article/238f6ae73a4540dea85767ecd84960b92021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1476https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907Forest health and multifunctionality are threatened by global challenges such as climate change. Forest health is currently assessed within the pan-European ICP Forests (International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) programme through the evaluation of tree crown conditions (defoliation). This paper analyses the results of a 24-year assessment carried out in Italy on 253 permanent plots distributed across the whole forested area. The results evidenced a substantial stability of crown conditions at the national level, according to the usual defoliation thresholds Defoliation > 25% and Defoliation > 60%, albeit with species-specific patterns. Within this apparent temporal stability, an increased fraction of extremely defoliated and dead trees was observed. Extreme defoliation mostly occurred in years with severe summer drought, whereas mortality was higher in the years after the drought. The results for singular species evidenced critical conditions for <i>Castanea sativa</i> Mill. and <i>Pinus</i> species, whereas <i>Quercus</i> species showed a progressive decrease in defoliation. Deciduous species, such as <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L., <i>Ostrya carpinifolia</i> Scop. and <i>Quercus pubescens</i> Willd. suffer the loss of leaves in dry years as a strategy to limit water loss by transpiration but recover their crown in the following years. The recurrence of extreme heat waves and drought from the beginning of the XXI century may increase the vulnerability of forests, and increased tree mortality can be expected in the future.Filippo BussottiGiancarlo PapittoDomenico Di MartinoCristiana CocciufaClaudia CindoloEnrico CenniDavide BettiniGiovanni IacopettiMartina PollastriniMDPI AGarticlecrown conditionsdelayed mortalityheat and drought waveslong-term monitoringICP Forestscrown recoveryPlant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1476, p 1476 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	crown conditions delayed mortality heat and drought waves long-term monitoring ICP Forests crown recovery Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	crown conditions delayed mortality heat and drought waves long-term monitoring ICP Forests crown recovery Plant ecology QK900-989 Filippo Bussotti Giancarlo Papitto Domenico Di Martino Cristiana Cocciufa Claudia Cindolo Enrico Cenni Davide Bettini Giovanni Iacopetti Martina Pollastrini Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality
description	Forest health and multifunctionality are threatened by global challenges such as climate change. Forest health is currently assessed within the pan-European ICP Forests (International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) programme through the evaluation of tree crown conditions (defoliation). This paper analyses the results of a 24-year assessment carried out in Italy on 253 permanent plots distributed across the whole forested area. The results evidenced a substantial stability of crown conditions at the national level, according to the usual defoliation thresholds Defoliation > 25% and Defoliation > 60%, albeit with species-specific patterns. Within this apparent temporal stability, an increased fraction of extremely defoliated and dead trees was observed. Extreme defoliation mostly occurred in years with severe summer drought, whereas mortality was higher in the years after the drought. The results for singular species evidenced critical conditions for <i>Castanea sativa</i> Mill. and <i>Pinus</i> species, whereas <i>Quercus</i> species showed a progressive decrease in defoliation. Deciduous species, such as <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L., <i>Ostrya carpinifolia</i> Scop. and <i>Quercus pubescens</i> Willd. suffer the loss of leaves in dry years as a strategy to limit water loss by transpiration but recover their crown in the following years. The recurrence of extreme heat waves and drought from the beginning of the XXI century may increase the vulnerability of forests, and increased tree mortality can be expected in the future.
format	article
author	Filippo Bussotti Giancarlo Papitto Domenico Di Martino Cristiana Cocciufa Claudia Cindolo Enrico Cenni Davide Bettini Giovanni Iacopetti Martina Pollastrini
author_facet	Filippo Bussotti Giancarlo Papitto Domenico Di Martino Cristiana Cocciufa Claudia Cindolo Enrico Cenni Davide Bettini Giovanni Iacopetti Martina Pollastrini
author_sort	Filippo Bussotti
title	Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality
title_short	Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality
title_full	Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality
title_fullStr	Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality
title_full_unstemmed	Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality
title_sort	defoliation, recovery and increasing mortality in italian forests: levels, patterns and possible consequences for forest multifunctionality
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/238f6ae73a4540dea85767ecd84960b9
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Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality

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