The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.

Bonobos, compared to chimpanzees, are highly motivated to play as adults. Therefore, it is interesting to compare the two species at earlier developmental stages to determine how and when these differences arise. We measured and compared some play parameters between the two species including frequen...

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Autores principales:	Elisabetta Palagi, Giada Cordoni
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/23ed4773ce124c1eb588c40f56a2c028
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:23ed4773ce124c1eb588c40f56a2c0282021-11-18T08:03:37ZThe right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0052767https://doaj.org/article/23ed4773ce124c1eb588c40f56a2c0282012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23300765/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Bonobos, compared to chimpanzees, are highly motivated to play as adults. Therefore, it is interesting to compare the two species at earlier developmental stages to determine how and when these differences arise. We measured and compared some play parameters between the two species including frequency, number of partners (solitary, dyadic, and polyadic play), session length, and escalation into overt aggression. Since solitary play has a role in developing cognitive and physical skills, it is not surprising that chimpanzees and bonobos share similar developmental trajectories in the motivation to engage in this activity. The striking divergence in play developmental pathways emerged for social play. Infants of the two species showed comparable social play levels, which began to diverge during the juvenile period, a 'timing hotspot' for play development. Compared to chimpanzees, social play sessions in juvenile bonobos escalated less frequently into overt aggression, lasted longer, and frequently involved more than two partners concurrently (polyadic play). In this view, play fighting in juvenile bonobos seems to maintain a cooperative mood, whereas in juvenile chimpanzees it acquires more competitive elements. The retention of juvenile traits into adulthood typical of bonobos can be due to a developmental delay in social inhibition. Our findings show that the divergence of play ontogenetic pathways between the two Pan species and the relative emergence of play neotenic traits in bonobos can be detected before individuals reach sexual maturity. The high play motivation showed by adult bonobos compared to chimpanzees is probably the result of a long developmental process, rooted in the delicate transitional phase, which leads subjects from infancy to juvenility.Elisabetta PalagiGiada CordoniPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 12, p e52767 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Elisabetta Palagi Giada Cordoni The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.
description	Bonobos, compared to chimpanzees, are highly motivated to play as adults. Therefore, it is interesting to compare the two species at earlier developmental stages to determine how and when these differences arise. We measured and compared some play parameters between the two species including frequency, number of partners (solitary, dyadic, and polyadic play), session length, and escalation into overt aggression. Since solitary play has a role in developing cognitive and physical skills, it is not surprising that chimpanzees and bonobos share similar developmental trajectories in the motivation to engage in this activity. The striking divergence in play developmental pathways emerged for social play. Infants of the two species showed comparable social play levels, which began to diverge during the juvenile period, a 'timing hotspot' for play development. Compared to chimpanzees, social play sessions in juvenile bonobos escalated less frequently into overt aggression, lasted longer, and frequently involved more than two partners concurrently (polyadic play). In this view, play fighting in juvenile bonobos seems to maintain a cooperative mood, whereas in juvenile chimpanzees it acquires more competitive elements. The retention of juvenile traits into adulthood typical of bonobos can be due to a developmental delay in social inhibition. Our findings show that the divergence of play ontogenetic pathways between the two Pan species and the relative emergence of play neotenic traits in bonobos can be detected before individuals reach sexual maturity. The high play motivation showed by adult bonobos compared to chimpanzees is probably the result of a long developmental process, rooted in the delicate transitional phase, which leads subjects from infancy to juvenility.
format	article
author	Elisabetta Palagi Giada Cordoni
author_facet	Elisabetta Palagi Giada Cordoni
author_sort	Elisabetta Palagi
title	The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.
title_short	The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.
title_full	The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.
title_fullStr	The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.
title_full_unstemmed	The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.
title_sort	right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two pan species.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/23ed4773ce124c1eb588c40f56a2c028
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The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.

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