Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength

# Background Shoulder strength deficits are implicated in arm injuries and performance deficits in baseball players. # Purpose To characterize shoulder external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation strength in professional baseball players, and compare strength across player type (pitchers, position...

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Autores principales:	Lori A. Michener, Adam J. Barrack, Bernard Y. Liebeskind, Ryan J. Zerega, Jonathan C. Sum, Ryan L. Crotin, Hillary A. Plummer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	North American Sports Medicine Institute 2021
Materias:	Sports medicine RC1200-1245
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/255b92f760404bdd87ab358da667372d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:255b92f760404bdd87ab358da667372d2021-12-02T16:58:59ZProfessional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength2159-2896https://doaj.org/article/255b92f760404bdd87ab358da667372d2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ijspt.scholasticahq.com/article/25237-professional-baseball-player-type-and-geographic-region-of-origin-impacts-shoulder-external-and-internal-rotation-strength.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2159-2896# Background Shoulder strength deficits are implicated in arm injuries and performance deficits in baseball players. # Purpose To characterize shoulder external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation strength in professional baseball players, and compare strength across player type (pitchers, position players) and geographic origin (North America, Latin America). # Study Design Cross-sectional. # Methods Minor league professional baseball players from North America and Latin America (n=242; age=22.4±2.3 years; n=135 pitchers and n=107 position players; n=162 North American and n=80 Latin American players) volunteered at spring training. Bilateral shoulder IR and ER isometric strength was measured in sitting with the arm at the side using a handheld dynamometer stabilized on a wall via a specialized jig. Strength was normalized to body weight, and compared using t-tests between player type and geographic area of origin (p \< 0.05). # Results Position players had greater strength in ER, IR and ER:IR (ER:0.7-2.7N/kg; IR:1.3-3.8N/kg; ER:IR ratio 0.36-1.22) compared to pitchers (ER:0.5-2.5N/kg; IR:0.6- 4.2N/kg; ER:IR ratio 0.44-1.16) on the throwing arm. North American pitchers had lower ER \[MD= -0.4 (95%CI:-0.7,-0.2);p=0.002\] and IR \[MD= -0.2 (95%CI:-0.4,-0.1);p=0.006\] than Latin American pitchers on the throwing arm. There were no differences between geographic groups for position players. # Discussion/Conclusions Player position and geographic origin influence shoulder rotational strength values in professional baseball players. Position players have 14 – 20% higher ER and IR isometric strength than pitchers. Moreover, Latin American pitchers exhibited 11.8% greater ER strength and 16.7% greater IR strength as compared to North American pitchers. Normative values can be used to determine player deficits, declines in performance, and targets for return to play after injury. # Level of Evidence Level IILori A. MichenerAdam J. BarrackBernard Y. LiebeskindRyan J. ZeregaJonathan C. SumRyan L. CrotinHillary A. PlummerNorth American Sports Medicine InstitutearticleSports medicineRC1200-1245ENInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, Vol 16, Iss 4 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Sports medicine RC1200-1245
spellingShingle	Sports medicine RC1200-1245 Lori A. Michener Adam J. Barrack Bernard Y. Liebeskind Ryan J. Zerega Jonathan C. Sum Ryan L. Crotin Hillary A. Plummer Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength
description	# Background Shoulder strength deficits are implicated in arm injuries and performance deficits in baseball players. # Purpose To characterize shoulder external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation strength in professional baseball players, and compare strength across player type (pitchers, position players) and geographic origin (North America, Latin America). # Study Design Cross-sectional. # Methods Minor league professional baseball players from North America and Latin America (n=242; age=22.4±2.3 years; n=135 pitchers and n=107 position players; n=162 North American and n=80 Latin American players) volunteered at spring training. Bilateral shoulder IR and ER isometric strength was measured in sitting with the arm at the side using a handheld dynamometer stabilized on a wall via a specialized jig. Strength was normalized to body weight, and compared using t-tests between player type and geographic area of origin (p \< 0.05). # Results Position players had greater strength in ER, IR and ER:IR (ER:0.7-2.7N/kg; IR:1.3-3.8N/kg; ER:IR ratio 0.36-1.22) compared to pitchers (ER:0.5-2.5N/kg; IR:0.6- 4.2N/kg; ER:IR ratio 0.44-1.16) on the throwing arm. North American pitchers had lower ER \[MD= -0.4 (95%CI:-0.7,-0.2);p=0.002\] and IR \[MD= -0.2 (95%CI:-0.4,-0.1);p=0.006\] than Latin American pitchers on the throwing arm. There were no differences between geographic groups for position players. # Discussion/Conclusions Player position and geographic origin influence shoulder rotational strength values in professional baseball players. Position players have 14 – 20% higher ER and IR isometric strength than pitchers. Moreover, Latin American pitchers exhibited 11.8% greater ER strength and 16.7% greater IR strength as compared to North American pitchers. Normative values can be used to determine player deficits, declines in performance, and targets for return to play after injury. # Level of Evidence Level II
format	article
author	Lori A. Michener Adam J. Barrack Bernard Y. Liebeskind Ryan J. Zerega Jonathan C. Sum Ryan L. Crotin Hillary A. Plummer
author_facet	Lori A. Michener Adam J. Barrack Bernard Y. Liebeskind Ryan J. Zerega Jonathan C. Sum Ryan L. Crotin Hillary A. Plummer
author_sort	Lori A. Michener
title	Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength
title_short	Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength
title_full	Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength
title_fullStr	Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength
title_full_unstemmed	Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength
title_sort	professional baseball player type and geographic region of origin impacts shoulder external and internal rotation strength
publisher	North American Sports Medicine Institute
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/255b92f760404bdd87ab358da667372d
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Professional Baseball Player Type and Geographic Region of Origin Impacts Shoulder External and Internal Rotation Strength

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