SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack

Nicholas Evans,1 Edgar Martinez,1 Nicola Petrosillo,2 Jacob Nichols,3 Ebtesam Islam,3 Kevin Pruitt,1 Sharilyn Almodovar1 1Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA; 2National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanz...

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Autores principales:	Evans N, Martinez E, Petrosillo N, Nichols J, Islam E, Pruitt K, Almodovar S
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	hiv aids sars-cov-2 covid-19 ace-2 remdesivir Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/25f2011ec59a4f4cab354484b24016bf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:25f2011ec59a4f4cab354484b24016bf2021-12-02T18:13:44ZSARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack1179-1373https://doaj.org/article/25f2011ec59a4f4cab354484b24016bf2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/sars-cov-2-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-pathogen-pincer-attack-peer-reviewed-article-HIVhttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1373Nicholas Evans,1 Edgar Martinez,1 Nicola Petrosillo,2 Jacob Nichols,3 Ebtesam Islam,3 Kevin Pruitt,1 Sharilyn Almodovar1 1Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA; 2National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; 3Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USACorrespondence: Sharilyn AlmodovarTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Mail Stop 6591, Lubbock, Texas, 79430 Tel +806 743-1091Email sharilyn.almodovar@ttuhsc.eduAbstract: Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.Keywords: HIV, AIDS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, ACE-2, remdesivirEvans NMartinez EPetrosillo NNichols JIslam EPruitt KAlmodovar SDove Medical Pressarticlehivaidssars-cov-2covid-19ace-2remdesivirImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENHIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care, Vol Volume 13, Pp 361-375 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	hiv aids sars-cov-2 covid-19 ace-2 remdesivir Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	hiv aids sars-cov-2 covid-19 ace-2 remdesivir Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Evans N Martinez E Petrosillo N Nichols J Islam E Pruitt K Almodovar S SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack
description	Nicholas Evans,1 Edgar Martinez,1 Nicola Petrosillo,2 Jacob Nichols,3 Ebtesam Islam,3 Kevin Pruitt,1 Sharilyn Almodovar1 1Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA; 2National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; 3Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USACorrespondence: Sharilyn AlmodovarTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Mail Stop 6591, Lubbock, Texas, 79430 Tel +806 743-1091Email sharilyn.almodovar@ttuhsc.eduAbstract: Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.Keywords: HIV, AIDS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, ACE-2, remdesivir
format	article
author	Evans N Martinez E Petrosillo N Nichols J Islam E Pruitt K Almodovar S
author_facet	Evans N Martinez E Petrosillo N Nichols J Islam E Pruitt K Almodovar S
author_sort	Evans N
title	SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack
title_short	SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack
title_full	SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack
title_fullStr	SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack
title_full_unstemmed	SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack
title_sort	sars-cov-2 and human immunodeficiency virus: pathogen pincer attack
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/25f2011ec59a4f4cab354484b24016bf
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SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack

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