Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.

Geckos are well known for their extraordinary clinging abilities and many species easily scale vertical or even inverted surfaces. This ability is enabled by a complex digital adhesive mechanism (adhesive toepads) that employs van der Waals based adhesion, augmented by frictional forces. Numerous mo...

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Autores principales:	Tony Gamble, Eli Greenbaum, Todd R Jackman, Anthony P Russell, Aaron M Bauer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/26797e3f22984c1d954a6245a155a50b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:26797e3f22984c1d954a6245a155a50b2021-11-18T07:14:15ZRepeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0039429https://doaj.org/article/26797e3f22984c1d954a6245a155a50b2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22761794/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Geckos are well known for their extraordinary clinging abilities and many species easily scale vertical or even inverted surfaces. This ability is enabled by a complex digital adhesive mechanism (adhesive toepads) that employs van der Waals based adhesion, augmented by frictional forces. Numerous morphological traits and behaviors have evolved to facilitate deployment of the adhesive mechanism, maximize adhesive force and enable release from the substrate. The complex digital morphologies that result allow geckos to interact with their environment in a novel fashion quite differently from most other lizards. Details of toepad morphology suggest multiple gains and losses of the adhesive mechanism, but lack of a comprehensive phylogeny has hindered efforts to determine how frequently adhesive toepads have been gained and lost. Here we present a multigene phylogeny of geckos, including 107 of 118 recognized genera, and determine that adhesive toepads have been gained and lost multiple times, and remarkably, with approximately equal frequency. The most likely hypothesis suggests that adhesive toepads evolved 11 times and were lost nine times. The overall external morphology of the toepad is strikingly similar in many lineages in which it is independently derived, but lineage-specific differences are evident, particularly regarding internal anatomy, with unique morphological patterns defining each independent derivation.Tony GambleEli GreenbaumTodd R JackmanAnthony P RussellAaron M BauerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 6, p e39429 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Tony Gamble Eli Greenbaum Todd R Jackman Anthony P Russell Aaron M Bauer Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
description	Geckos are well known for their extraordinary clinging abilities and many species easily scale vertical or even inverted surfaces. This ability is enabled by a complex digital adhesive mechanism (adhesive toepads) that employs van der Waals based adhesion, augmented by frictional forces. Numerous morphological traits and behaviors have evolved to facilitate deployment of the adhesive mechanism, maximize adhesive force and enable release from the substrate. The complex digital morphologies that result allow geckos to interact with their environment in a novel fashion quite differently from most other lizards. Details of toepad morphology suggest multiple gains and losses of the adhesive mechanism, but lack of a comprehensive phylogeny has hindered efforts to determine how frequently adhesive toepads have been gained and lost. Here we present a multigene phylogeny of geckos, including 107 of 118 recognized genera, and determine that adhesive toepads have been gained and lost multiple times, and remarkably, with approximately equal frequency. The most likely hypothesis suggests that adhesive toepads evolved 11 times and were lost nine times. The overall external morphology of the toepad is strikingly similar in many lineages in which it is independently derived, but lineage-specific differences are evident, particularly regarding internal anatomy, with unique morphological patterns defining each independent derivation.
format	article
author	Tony Gamble Eli Greenbaum Todd R Jackman Anthony P Russell Aaron M Bauer
author_facet	Tony Gamble Eli Greenbaum Todd R Jackman Anthony P Russell Aaron M Bauer
author_sort	Tony Gamble
title	Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
title_short	Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
title_full	Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
title_fullStr	Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
title_full_unstemmed	Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
title_sort	repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/26797e3f22984c1d954a6245a155a50b
work_keys_str_mv	AT tonygamble repeatedoriginandlossofadhesivetoepadsingeckos AT eligreenbaum repeatedoriginandlossofadhesivetoepadsingeckos AT toddrjackman repeatedoriginandlossofadhesivetoepadsingeckos AT anthonyprussell repeatedoriginandlossofadhesivetoepadsingeckos AT aaronmbauer repeatedoriginandlossofadhesivetoepadsingeckos
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Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos.

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