Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand

Mechanized timber harvesting is cost efficient and highly productive. However, mechanized harvesting operations are often associated with several environmental problems, including soil compaction and disturbance. Soil compaction impedes air circulation between the soil and atmosphere, which in turn...

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Autores principales:	Ikhyun Kim, Sang-Kyun Han, Mauricio Acuna, Heesung Woo, Jae-Heun Oh, Byoungkoo Choi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	forest soil soil compaction heavy machine traffic soil CO<sub>2</sub> concentration soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/268fc8a22c3f47258f45dc7047c8e3c0
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:268fc8a22c3f47258f45dc7047c8e3c0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:268fc8a22c3f47258f45dc7047c8e3c02021-11-25T17:37:56ZEffect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand10.3390/f121114971999-4907https://doaj.org/article/268fc8a22c3f47258f45dc7047c8e3c02021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1497https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907Mechanized timber harvesting is cost efficient and highly productive. However, mechanized harvesting operations are often associated with several environmental problems, including soil compaction and disturbance. Soil compaction impedes air circulation between the soil and atmosphere, which in turn results in increased concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> within soil pores. In this study, we investigated the impact of forest machine traffic on soil conditions to determine soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (<i>F<sub>c</sub></i>), and soil CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (<i>S<sub>c</sub></i>). Field measurements included soil bulk density (BD), soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), <i>F<sub>c</sub></i>, and <i>S<sub>c</sub></i> over a 3-year period at a specific thinning operation site (Hwacheon-gun) in the Gangwon Province of Korea. To assess the soil impacts associated with machine traffic, we established four machine-treatment plots (MT) characterized by different geographical and traffic conditions. The results revealed that BD, <i>S<sub>c</sub></i>, and SWC increased significantly on the disturbed track areas (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced soil <i>F<sub>c</sub></i> values were measured on the soil-compacted (machine disturbed) tracks in comparison with undisturbed (control) areas. Variations in BD, SWC, and <i>S<sub>c</sub></i> were significantly different among the four MT plots. Additionally, in comparison with undisturbed areas, lower <i>F<sub>c</sub></i> and higher <i>S<sub>c</sub></i> values were obtained in compacted areas with high soil temperatures.Ikhyun KimSang-Kyun HanMauricio AcunaHeesung WooJae-Heun OhByoungkoo ChoiMDPI AGarticleforest soilsoil compactionheavy machine trafficsoil CO<sub>2</sub> concentrationsoil CO<sub>2</sub> effluxPlant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1497, p 1497 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	forest soil soil compaction heavy machine traffic soil CO<sub>2</sub> concentration soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	forest soil soil compaction heavy machine traffic soil CO<sub>2</sub> concentration soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux Plant ecology QK900-989 Ikhyun Kim Sang-Kyun Han Mauricio Acuna Heesung Woo Jae-Heun Oh Byoungkoo Choi Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand
description	Mechanized timber harvesting is cost efficient and highly productive. However, mechanized harvesting operations are often associated with several environmental problems, including soil compaction and disturbance. Soil compaction impedes air circulation between the soil and atmosphere, which in turn results in increased concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> within soil pores. In this study, we investigated the impact of forest machine traffic on soil conditions to determine soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (<i>F<sub>c</sub></i>), and soil CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (<i>S<sub>c</sub></i>). Field measurements included soil bulk density (BD), soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), <i>F<sub>c</sub></i>, and <i>S<sub>c</sub></i> over a 3-year period at a specific thinning operation site (Hwacheon-gun) in the Gangwon Province of Korea. To assess the soil impacts associated with machine traffic, we established four machine-treatment plots (MT) characterized by different geographical and traffic conditions. The results revealed that BD, <i>S<sub>c</sub></i>, and SWC increased significantly on the disturbed track areas (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced soil <i>F<sub>c</sub></i> values were measured on the soil-compacted (machine disturbed) tracks in comparison with undisturbed (control) areas. Variations in BD, SWC, and <i>S<sub>c</sub></i> were significantly different among the four MT plots. Additionally, in comparison with undisturbed areas, lower <i>F<sub>c</sub></i> and higher <i>S<sub>c</sub></i> values were obtained in compacted areas with high soil temperatures.
format	article
author	Ikhyun Kim Sang-Kyun Han Mauricio Acuna Heesung Woo Jae-Heun Oh Byoungkoo Choi
author_facet	Ikhyun Kim Sang-Kyun Han Mauricio Acuna Heesung Woo Jae-Heun Oh Byoungkoo Choi
author_sort	Ikhyun Kim
title	Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand
title_short	Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand
title_full	Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand
title_fullStr	Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand
title_full_unstemmed	Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand
title_sort	effect of heavy machine traffic on soil co<sub>2</sub> concentration and efflux in a <i>pinus koraiensis</i> thinning stand
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/268fc8a22c3f47258f45dc7047c8e3c0
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Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO<sub>2</sub> Concentration and Efflux in a <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Thinning Stand

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