Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages

Clean fuel is advocated to be used for sustainability. The number of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen vehicles is increasing globally. Explosion hazard is a threat. On the other hand, the use of hydrogen is under consideration in Hong Kong. Explosion hazards of these clean fuel (LPG and hy...

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Autores principales:	Chi Wing To, Wan Ki Chow, Fang Ming Cheng
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	explosion hazard clean fuel LPG vehicles hydrogen vehicles garages Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/276674dcb0284794bec9bb963db83f8e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:276674dcb0284794bec9bb963db83f8e2021-11-25T19:01:53ZSimulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages10.3390/su1322125372071-1050https://doaj.org/article/276674dcb0284794bec9bb963db83f8e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12537https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Clean fuel is advocated to be used for sustainability. The number of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen vehicles is increasing globally. Explosion hazard is a threat. On the other hand, the use of hydrogen is under consideration in Hong Kong. Explosion hazards of these clean fuel (LPG and hydrogen) vehicles were studied and are compared in this paper. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS) was used. A car garage with a rolling shutter as its entrance was selected for study. Dispersion of LPG from the leakage source with ignition at a higher position was studied. The same garage was used with a typical hydrogen vehicle leaking 3.4 pounds (1.5 kg) of hydrogen in 100 s, the mass flow rate being equal to 0.015 kgs<sup>−1</sup>. The hydrogen vehicle used in the simulation has two hydrogen tanks with a combined capacity of 5 kg. The entire tank would be completely vented out in about 333 s. Two scenarios of CFD simulation were carried out. In the first scenario, the rolling shutter was completely closed and the leaked LPG or hydrogen was ignited at 300 s after leakage. The second scenario was conducted with a gap height of 0.3 m under the rolling shutter. Predicted results of explosion pressure and temperature show that appropriate active fire engineering systems are required when servicing these clean fuel vehicles in garages. An appropriate vent in an enclosed space such as the garage is important in reducing explosion hazards.Chi Wing ToWan Ki ChowFang Ming ChengMDPI AGarticleexplosion hazardclean fuelLPG vehicleshydrogen vehiclesgaragesEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12537, p 12537 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	explosion hazard clean fuel LPG vehicles hydrogen vehicles garages Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	explosion hazard clean fuel LPG vehicles hydrogen vehicles garages Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Chi Wing To Wan Ki Chow Fang Ming Cheng Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages
description	Clean fuel is advocated to be used for sustainability. The number of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen vehicles is increasing globally. Explosion hazard is a threat. On the other hand, the use of hydrogen is under consideration in Hong Kong. Explosion hazards of these clean fuel (LPG and hydrogen) vehicles were studied and are compared in this paper. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS) was used. A car garage with a rolling shutter as its entrance was selected for study. Dispersion of LPG from the leakage source with ignition at a higher position was studied. The same garage was used with a typical hydrogen vehicle leaking 3.4 pounds (1.5 kg) of hydrogen in 100 s, the mass flow rate being equal to 0.015 kgs<sup>−1</sup>. The hydrogen vehicle used in the simulation has two hydrogen tanks with a combined capacity of 5 kg. The entire tank would be completely vented out in about 333 s. Two scenarios of CFD simulation were carried out. In the first scenario, the rolling shutter was completely closed and the leaked LPG or hydrogen was ignited at 300 s after leakage. The second scenario was conducted with a gap height of 0.3 m under the rolling shutter. Predicted results of explosion pressure and temperature show that appropriate active fire engineering systems are required when servicing these clean fuel vehicles in garages. An appropriate vent in an enclosed space such as the garage is important in reducing explosion hazards.
format	article
author	Chi Wing To Wan Ki Chow Fang Ming Cheng
author_facet	Chi Wing To Wan Ki Chow Fang Ming Cheng
author_sort	Chi Wing To
title	Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages
title_short	Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages
title_full	Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages
title_fullStr	Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages
title_full_unstemmed	Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages
title_sort	simulation of possible fire and explosion hazards of clean fuel vehicles in garages
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/276674dcb0284794bec9bb963db83f8e
work_keys_str_mv	AT chiwingto simulationofpossiblefireandexplosionhazardsofcleanfuelvehiclesingarages AT wankichow simulationofpossiblefireandexplosionhazardsofcleanfuelvehiclesingarages AT fangmingcheng simulationofpossiblefireandexplosionhazardsofcleanfuelvehiclesingarages
_version_	1718410391818600448

Simulation of Possible Fire and Explosion Hazards of Clean Fuel Vehicles in Garages

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