Innate immunity in coronavirus infection

Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a polymorphic group of respiratory viruses causing acute inflammatory diseases in domestic and agricultural animals (chicken, pig, buffalo, cat, dog). Until recently, this infection in humans was mainly observed during the autumn-winter period and characterized by a mil...

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Autores principales:	V. S. Smirnov, Areg A. Totolyan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	RU
Publicado:	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera 2020
Materias:	coronavirus sars-cov mers-cov sars-cov-2 innate immunity cytokines intracellular regulatory cascade interferons Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/277417408440499da15a8294afc86eb0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:277417408440499da15a8294afc86eb02021-11-22T07:09:54ZInnate immunity in coronavirus infection2220-76192313-739810.15789/2220-7619-III-1440https://doaj.org/article/277417408440499da15a8294afc86eb02020-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1440https://doaj.org/toc/2220-7619https://doaj.org/toc/2313-7398Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a polymorphic group of respiratory viruses causing acute inflammatory diseases in domestic and agricultural animals (chicken, pig, buffalo, cat, dog). Until recently, this infection in humans was mainly observed during the autumn-winter period and characterized by a mild, often asymptomatic, course. The situation changed dramatically in 2003, when SARS outbreak caused by pathogenic CoV (SARS-CoV) was recorded in China. A decade later, a new CoV outbreak occurred in the form of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), whereas in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases were recorded, which transformed within the first months of 2020 into the pandemic. In all three cases, CoV disease led to severe bronchopulmonary lesions, varying from dry, debilitating cough to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). At the same time, multiple changes in innate immunity were noted most often manifested as a pronounced inflammatory reaction in the lower respiratory tract, featured by damaged type II pneumocytes, apoptosis, hyalinization of alveolar membranes, focal or generalized pulmonary edema. Destructive processes in the respiratory tract were accompanied by migration of monocytes/macrophages and granulocyte neutrophils to the inflammatory focus. Such events were accompanied by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which magnitude could ascend up to a cytokine storm. SARS-CoV is characterized by symptoms of secondary immunosuppression, manifested by the late onset of interferon production and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes – the key inflammatory factor. The reason for such reaction may be accounted for by CoV arsenal containing extensive set of structural and non-structural proteins exerting pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Delayed IFN production allowed CoV to replicate actively and freely, and when type I IFN synthesis was eventually triggered, its activity was detrimental and accompanied by an aggravated infection course. Thus, SARS can surely be referred to immune-dependent infections with a marked immunopathological component. The purpose of this review was to describe some mechanisms underlying formation of innate immune response to infection caused by pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).V. S. SmirnovAreg A. TotolyanSankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pasteraarticlecoronavirussars-covmers-covsars-cov-2innate immunitycytokinesintracellular regulatory cascadeinterferonsInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216RUInfekciâ i Immunitet, Vol 10, Iss 2, Pp 259-268 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	RU
topic	coronavirus sars-cov mers-cov sars-cov-2 innate immunity cytokines intracellular regulatory cascade interferons Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
spellingShingle	coronavirus sars-cov mers-cov sars-cov-2 innate immunity cytokines intracellular regulatory cascade interferons Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 V. S. Smirnov Areg A. Totolyan Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
description	Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a polymorphic group of respiratory viruses causing acute inflammatory diseases in domestic and agricultural animals (chicken, pig, buffalo, cat, dog). Until recently, this infection in humans was mainly observed during the autumn-winter period and characterized by a mild, often asymptomatic, course. The situation changed dramatically in 2003, when SARS outbreak caused by pathogenic CoV (SARS-CoV) was recorded in China. A decade later, a new CoV outbreak occurred in the form of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), whereas in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases were recorded, which transformed within the first months of 2020 into the pandemic. In all three cases, CoV disease led to severe bronchopulmonary lesions, varying from dry, debilitating cough to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). At the same time, multiple changes in innate immunity were noted most often manifested as a pronounced inflammatory reaction in the lower respiratory tract, featured by damaged type II pneumocytes, apoptosis, hyalinization of alveolar membranes, focal or generalized pulmonary edema. Destructive processes in the respiratory tract were accompanied by migration of monocytes/macrophages and granulocyte neutrophils to the inflammatory focus. Such events were accompanied by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which magnitude could ascend up to a cytokine storm. SARS-CoV is characterized by symptoms of secondary immunosuppression, manifested by the late onset of interferon production and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes – the key inflammatory factor. The reason for such reaction may be accounted for by CoV arsenal containing extensive set of structural and non-structural proteins exerting pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Delayed IFN production allowed CoV to replicate actively and freely, and when type I IFN synthesis was eventually triggered, its activity was detrimental and accompanied by an aggravated infection course. Thus, SARS can surely be referred to immune-dependent infections with a marked immunopathological component. The purpose of this review was to describe some mechanisms underlying formation of innate immune response to infection caused by pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
format	article
author	V. S. Smirnov Areg A. Totolyan
author_facet	V. S. Smirnov Areg A. Totolyan
author_sort	V. S. Smirnov
title	Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
title_short	Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
title_full	Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
title_fullStr	Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
title_full_unstemmed	Innate immunity in coronavirus infection
title_sort	innate immunity in coronavirus infection
publisher	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/277417408440499da15a8294afc86eb0
work_keys_str_mv	AT vssmirnov innateimmunityincoronavirusinfection AT aregatotolyan innateimmunityincoronavirusinfection
_version_	1718417906147000320

Innate immunity in coronavirus infection

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