Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays

To address putative TB statuses of elephants and to identify and quantify potential demographic risk factors for TB, three ELISAs specific for different mycobacterial antigens (ESAT6, CFP10, MPB83) and the TB Stat-Pak assay were used as surrogate serological markers for TB infection in elephants. In...

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Autores principales:	Taweepoke Angkwanish, Hans J. C. M. Vernooij, Anucha Sirimalaisuwan, Pattara Charernpan, Mirjam Nielen, Victor P. M. G. Rutten
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Asian elephant tuberculosis prevalence risk factors ELISA TB Stat-Pak Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/27922d39e9d1429e96c4412b5889ec8b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:27922d39e9d1429e96c4412b5889ec8b2021-11-08T21:54:52ZPrevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays2297-176910.3389/fvets.2021.713663https://doaj.org/article/27922d39e9d1429e96c4412b5889ec8b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.713663/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2297-1769To address putative TB statuses of elephants and to identify and quantify potential demographic risk factors for TB, three ELISAs specific for different mycobacterial antigens (ESAT6, CFP10, MPB83) and the TB Stat-Pak assay were used as surrogate serological markers for TB infection in elephants. In view of the low number of animals of which the infected status could be confirmed (4 out of 708) Latent Class Analyses of TB serology test outcomes was used to predict the putative TB status of each of 708 elephants as positive (17.3%), inconclusive (48.7%), or negative (34%) when assessed on a population basis. Correlation between test performance of the individual assays was high between the ELISAs, but low with that of the TB Stat-Pak assay. Risk factors, assessed based on cut off values for each of the ELISAs determined by ROC analysis, included sex, BCS, age, working time, feed type, management system, camp size and region. Old age elephants were more likely to show a positive TB serology test outcome, than younger ones. Elephants working 7 h per day and the ones in good condition BCS (7–11) were less likely to be positive in TB serology testing. In addition, fewer animals in the large camp size (31–50 elephants) were found to be positive in ELISA tests, compared to elephants in the other camp sizes. In this study, the North region had the lowest percentages of elephants with positive TB test outcome, the West region and to a lesser extend the other regions showed clearly higher percentages of positive animals. Even though assays used in the present study have not been validated yet, results obtained showed promise as diagnostic or screening tests. For the diagnosis of animals suspected to be infected, the ELISA tests, once further optimized for the individual antigens, can be used in parallel. For screening of complete camps for presence or absence of infection, a single optimized ELISA test can be utilized.Taweepoke AngkwanishTaweepoke AngkwanishHans J. C. M. VernooijAnucha SirimalaisuwanPattara CharernpanMirjam NielenVictor P. M. G. RuttenVictor P. M. G. RuttenFrontiers Media S.A.articleAsian elephanttuberculosisprevalencerisk factorsELISATB Stat-PakVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENFrontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Asian elephant tuberculosis prevalence risk factors ELISA TB Stat-Pak Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	Asian elephant tuberculosis prevalence risk factors ELISA TB Stat-Pak Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Taweepoke Angkwanish Taweepoke Angkwanish Hans J. C. M. Vernooij Anucha Sirimalaisuwan Pattara Charernpan Mirjam Nielen Victor P. M. G. Rutten Victor P. M. G. Rutten Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays
description	To address putative TB statuses of elephants and to identify and quantify potential demographic risk factors for TB, three ELISAs specific for different mycobacterial antigens (ESAT6, CFP10, MPB83) and the TB Stat-Pak assay were used as surrogate serological markers for TB infection in elephants. In view of the low number of animals of which the infected status could be confirmed (4 out of 708) Latent Class Analyses of TB serology test outcomes was used to predict the putative TB status of each of 708 elephants as positive (17.3%), inconclusive (48.7%), or negative (34%) when assessed on a population basis. Correlation between test performance of the individual assays was high between the ELISAs, but low with that of the TB Stat-Pak assay. Risk factors, assessed based on cut off values for each of the ELISAs determined by ROC analysis, included sex, BCS, age, working time, feed type, management system, camp size and region. Old age elephants were more likely to show a positive TB serology test outcome, than younger ones. Elephants working 7 h per day and the ones in good condition BCS (7–11) were less likely to be positive in TB serology testing. In addition, fewer animals in the large camp size (31–50 elephants) were found to be positive in ELISA tests, compared to elephants in the other camp sizes. In this study, the North region had the lowest percentages of elephants with positive TB test outcome, the West region and to a lesser extend the other regions showed clearly higher percentages of positive animals. Even though assays used in the present study have not been validated yet, results obtained showed promise as diagnostic or screening tests. For the diagnosis of animals suspected to be infected, the ELISA tests, once further optimized for the individual antigens, can be used in parallel. For screening of complete camps for presence or absence of infection, a single optimized ELISA test can be utilized.
format	article
author	Taweepoke Angkwanish Taweepoke Angkwanish Hans J. C. M. Vernooij Anucha Sirimalaisuwan Pattara Charernpan Mirjam Nielen Victor P. M. G. Rutten Victor P. M. G. Rutten
author_facet	Taweepoke Angkwanish Taweepoke Angkwanish Hans J. C. M. Vernooij Anucha Sirimalaisuwan Pattara Charernpan Mirjam Nielen Victor P. M. G. Rutten Victor P. M. G. Rutten
author_sort	Taweepoke Angkwanish
title	Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays
title_short	Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays
title_full	Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays
title_fullStr	Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays
title_full_unstemmed	Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays
title_sort	prevalence and demographic risk factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in captive asian elephants (elephas maximus) based on serological assays
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/27922d39e9d1429e96c4412b5889ec8b
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Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays

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