The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts

Daily environmental oscillations that follow Earth’s rotation around the Sun set a metronome for life, under which all organisms have evolved. Entrainment to these cues allow organisms to rhythmically set the pace of their own endogenous biological clocks with which the timings of diverse cellular a...

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Autores principales:	Olivia H. Hewitt, Hisham M. Shaikh
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	circadian clock chronobiomics microbiome rhythmic regulation marine plankton viruses Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/27c7ae6fbe1546369c2357b764a985d0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:27c7ae6fbe1546369c2357b764a985d02021-11-30T19:41:18ZThe Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.744169https://doaj.org/article/27c7ae6fbe1546369c2357b764a985d02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.744169/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745Daily environmental oscillations that follow Earth’s rotation around the Sun set a metronome for life, under which all organisms have evolved. Entrainment to these cues allow organisms to rhythmically set the pace of their own endogenous biological clocks with which the timings of diverse cellular activities are coordinated. In recent years, our knowledge of biological rhythms has extended across all domains of life. This includes both free-living and symbiotic life forms. With the insurgence of metagenomic sequencing tools, the field of holobiont chronobiomics (encompassing chronobiology of host and its associated microbiota) has recently opened and gained significant traction. Here, we review current knowledge regarding free-living prokaryote rhythmic regulation before exploring active areas of research that consider the coordinated rhythmic regulatory activities of hosts and their symbionts as a single entity, i.e., holobiont, and even the extent to which rhythmicity influences virus–host interactions. We describe rhythmicity within non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaea, before investigating the effect of light, and, thus, diel cycle, on viral life cycles and host–virus population dynamics in marine planktonic ecosystems along with their potential to influence host cyanobacterial circadian clocks. We then explore current evidence outlining coordinated rhythmic regulation within marine holobionts and the significance of this for holobiont health and adaptive fitness that, in turn, optimizes their success within their local environments. Finally, we assess the critical role of circadian regulation for holobiont innate immunity and metabolism within well-studied non-marine mammalian systems, and, thus, assess how this can guide us within understudied marine chronobiomics research.Olivia H. HewittHisham M. ShaikhHisham M. ShaikhFrontiers Media S.A.articlecircadian clockchronobiomicsmicrobiomerhythmic regulationmarine planktonvirusesScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	circadian clock chronobiomics microbiome rhythmic regulation marine plankton viruses Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	circadian clock chronobiomics microbiome rhythmic regulation marine plankton viruses Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Olivia H. Hewitt Hisham M. Shaikh Hisham M. Shaikh The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts
description	Daily environmental oscillations that follow Earth’s rotation around the Sun set a metronome for life, under which all organisms have evolved. Entrainment to these cues allow organisms to rhythmically set the pace of their own endogenous biological clocks with which the timings of diverse cellular activities are coordinated. In recent years, our knowledge of biological rhythms has extended across all domains of life. This includes both free-living and symbiotic life forms. With the insurgence of metagenomic sequencing tools, the field of holobiont chronobiomics (encompassing chronobiology of host and its associated microbiota) has recently opened and gained significant traction. Here, we review current knowledge regarding free-living prokaryote rhythmic regulation before exploring active areas of research that consider the coordinated rhythmic regulatory activities of hosts and their symbionts as a single entity, i.e., holobiont, and even the extent to which rhythmicity influences virus–host interactions. We describe rhythmicity within non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaea, before investigating the effect of light, and, thus, diel cycle, on viral life cycles and host–virus population dynamics in marine planktonic ecosystems along with their potential to influence host cyanobacterial circadian clocks. We then explore current evidence outlining coordinated rhythmic regulation within marine holobionts and the significance of this for holobiont health and adaptive fitness that, in turn, optimizes their success within their local environments. Finally, we assess the critical role of circadian regulation for holobiont innate immunity and metabolism within well-studied non-marine mammalian systems, and, thus, assess how this can guide us within understudied marine chronobiomics research.
format	article
author	Olivia H. Hewitt Hisham M. Shaikh Hisham M. Shaikh
author_facet	Olivia H. Hewitt Hisham M. Shaikh Hisham M. Shaikh
author_sort	Olivia H. Hewitt
title	The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts
title_short	The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts
title_full	The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts
title_fullStr	The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts
title_full_unstemmed	The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts
title_sort	rhythm of many: biological rhythms in the marine environment, from macro-scale planktonic ecosystems to micro-scale holobionts
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/27c7ae6fbe1546369c2357b764a985d0
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The Rhythm of Many: Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, From Macro-Scale Planktonic Ecosystems to Micro-Scale Holobionts

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