Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition

<i>Theobroma cacao</i> is affected by viruses on every continent where the crop is cultivated, with the most well-known ones belonging to the <i>Badnavirus</i> genus. One of these, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), is present in the Americas, and is transmitted by several spec...

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Autores principales: Alina S. Puig, Sarah Wurzel, Stephanie Suarez, Jean-Philippe Marelli, Jerome Niogret
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:28b27656ade049f0ba507041b9bea0192021-11-25T17:59:23ZMealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition10.3390/insects121109942075-4450https://doaj.org/article/28b27656ade049f0ba507041b9bea0192021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/11/994https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4450<i>Theobroma cacao</i> is affected by viruses on every continent where the crop is cultivated, with the most well-known ones belonging to the <i>Badnavirus</i> genus. One of these, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), is present in the Americas, and is transmitted by several species of Pseudococcidae (mealybugs). To determine which species are associated with virus-affected cacao plants in North America, and to assess their potential as vectors, mealybugs (<i>n</i> = 166) were collected from infected trees in Florida, and identified using COI, ITS2, and 28S markers. The species present were <i>Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi</i> (38%; <i>n</i> = 63), <i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i> (34.3%; <i>n</i> = 57), <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> (15.7%; <i>n</i> = 26), and <i>Ferrisia virgata</i> (12%; <i>n</i> = 20). Virus acquisition was assessed by testing mealybug DNA (0.8 ng) using a nested PCR that amplified a 500 bp fragment of the movement protein–coat protein region of CaMMV. Virus sequences were obtained from 34.6 to 43.1% of the insects tested; however, acquisition did not differ among species, X<sup>2</sup> (3, <i>N</i> = 166) = 0.56, <i>p</i> < 0.91. This study identified two new mealybug species, <i>P. jackbeardsleyi</i> and <i>M. hirsutus</i>, as potential vectors of CaMMV. This information is essential for understanding the infection cycle of CaMMV and developing effective management strategies.Alina S. PuigSarah WurzelStephanie SuarezJean-Philippe MarelliJerome NiogretMDPI AGarticleDNA barcodingmolecular markers<i>Pseudococcus</i><i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i>mealybugcacaoScienceQENInsects, Vol 12, Iss 994, p 994 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic DNA barcoding
molecular markers
<i>Pseudococcus</i>
<i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i>
mealybug
cacao
Science
Q
spellingShingle DNA barcoding
molecular markers
<i>Pseudococcus</i>
<i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i>
mealybug
cacao
Science
Q
Alina S. Puig
Sarah Wurzel
Stephanie Suarez
Jean-Philippe Marelli
Jerome Niogret
Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition
description <i>Theobroma cacao</i> is affected by viruses on every continent where the crop is cultivated, with the most well-known ones belonging to the <i>Badnavirus</i> genus. One of these, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), is present in the Americas, and is transmitted by several species of Pseudococcidae (mealybugs). To determine which species are associated with virus-affected cacao plants in North America, and to assess their potential as vectors, mealybugs (<i>n</i> = 166) were collected from infected trees in Florida, and identified using COI, ITS2, and 28S markers. The species present were <i>Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi</i> (38%; <i>n</i> = 63), <i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i> (34.3%; <i>n</i> = 57), <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> (15.7%; <i>n</i> = 26), and <i>Ferrisia virgata</i> (12%; <i>n</i> = 20). Virus acquisition was assessed by testing mealybug DNA (0.8 ng) using a nested PCR that amplified a 500 bp fragment of the movement protein–coat protein region of CaMMV. Virus sequences were obtained from 34.6 to 43.1% of the insects tested; however, acquisition did not differ among species, X<sup>2</sup> (3, <i>N</i> = 166) = 0.56, <i>p</i> < 0.91. This study identified two new mealybug species, <i>P. jackbeardsleyi</i> and <i>M. hirsutus</i>, as potential vectors of CaMMV. This information is essential for understanding the infection cycle of CaMMV and developing effective management strategies.
format article
author Alina S. Puig
Sarah Wurzel
Stephanie Suarez
Jean-Philippe Marelli
Jerome Niogret
author_facet Alina S. Puig
Sarah Wurzel
Stephanie Suarez
Jean-Philippe Marelli
Jerome Niogret
author_sort Alina S. Puig
title Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition
title_short Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition
title_full Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition
title_fullStr Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition
title_full_unstemmed Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition
title_sort mealybug (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) species associated with cacao mild mosaic virus and evidence of virus acquisition
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/28b27656ade049f0ba507041b9bea019
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