Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)

Macaronesia has been considered a refuge region of the formerly widespread subtropical lauroid flora that lived in Southern Europe during the Tertiary. The study of relict angiosperms has shown that Macaronesian relict taxa preserve genetic variation and revealed general patterns of colonization and...

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Autores principales:	Samira Ben-Menni Schuler, Jesús Picazo-Aragonés, Fred J. Rumsey, Ana Teresa Romero-García, Víctor N. Suárez-Santiago
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fern phylogeography genetic diversity Macaronesia mating systems microsatellites plastid DNA Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/28b5aa27aed1457aa68a19526ae361a6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:28b5aa27aed1457aa68a19526ae361a62021-11-25T18:46:29ZMacaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)10.3390/plants101124252223-7747https://doaj.org/article/28b5aa27aed1457aa68a19526ae361a62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2425https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Macaronesia has been considered a refuge region of the formerly widespread subtropical lauroid flora that lived in Southern Europe during the Tertiary. The study of relict angiosperms has shown that Macaronesian relict taxa preserve genetic variation and revealed general patterns of colonization and dispersal. However, information on the conservation of genetic diversity and range dynamics rapidly diminishes when referring to pteridophytes, despite their dominance of the herbaceous stratum in the European tropical palaeoflora. Here we aim to elucidate the pattern of genetic diversity and phylogeography of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i>, a hypothesized species of the Tertiary Palaeotropical flora and currently with its populations restricted across Macaronesia and disjunctly in the Sierras de Algeciras (Andalusia, southern Iberian Peninsula). We analysed 12 populations across the species range using eight microsatellite loci, sequences of a region of plastid DNA, and carry out species-distribution modelling analyses. Our dating results confirm the Tertiary origin of this species. The Macaronesian archipelagos served as a refuge during at least the Quaternary glacial cycles, where populations of <i>D. caudatum</i> preserved higher levels of genetic variation than mainland populations. Our data suggest the disappearance of the species in the continent and the subsequent recolonization from Macaronesia. The results of the AMOVA analysis and the indices of clonal diversity and linkage disequilibrium suggest that <i>D. caudatum</i> is a species in which inter-gametophytic outcrossing predominates, and that in the Andalusian populations there was a shift in mating system toward increased inbreeding and/or clonality. The model that best explains the genetic diversity distribution pattern observed in Macaronesia is, the initial and recurrent colonization between islands and archipelagos and the relatively recent diversification of restricted area lineages, probably due to the decrease of favorable habitats and competition with lineages previously established. This study extends to ferns the concept of Macaronesia archipelagos as refugia for genetic variation.Samira Ben-Menni SchulerJesús Picazo-AragonésFred J. RumseyAna Teresa Romero-GarcíaVíctor N. Suárez-SantiagoMDPI AGarticlefern phylogeographygenetic diversityMacaronesiamating systemsmicrosatellitesplastid DNABotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2425, p 2425 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fern phylogeography genetic diversity Macaronesia mating systems microsatellites plastid DNA Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	fern phylogeography genetic diversity Macaronesia mating systems microsatellites plastid DNA Botany QK1-989 Samira Ben-Menni Schuler Jesús Picazo-Aragonés Fred J. Rumsey Ana Teresa Romero-García Víctor N. Suárez-Santiago Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)
description	Macaronesia has been considered a refuge region of the formerly widespread subtropical lauroid flora that lived in Southern Europe during the Tertiary. The study of relict angiosperms has shown that Macaronesian relict taxa preserve genetic variation and revealed general patterns of colonization and dispersal. However, information on the conservation of genetic diversity and range dynamics rapidly diminishes when referring to pteridophytes, despite their dominance of the herbaceous stratum in the European tropical palaeoflora. Here we aim to elucidate the pattern of genetic diversity and phylogeography of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i>, a hypothesized species of the Tertiary Palaeotropical flora and currently with its populations restricted across Macaronesia and disjunctly in the Sierras de Algeciras (Andalusia, southern Iberian Peninsula). We analysed 12 populations across the species range using eight microsatellite loci, sequences of a region of plastid DNA, and carry out species-distribution modelling analyses. Our dating results confirm the Tertiary origin of this species. The Macaronesian archipelagos served as a refuge during at least the Quaternary glacial cycles, where populations of <i>D. caudatum</i> preserved higher levels of genetic variation than mainland populations. Our data suggest the disappearance of the species in the continent and the subsequent recolonization from Macaronesia. The results of the AMOVA analysis and the indices of clonal diversity and linkage disequilibrium suggest that <i>D. caudatum</i> is a species in which inter-gametophytic outcrossing predominates, and that in the Andalusian populations there was a shift in mating system toward increased inbreeding and/or clonality. The model that best explains the genetic diversity distribution pattern observed in Macaronesia is, the initial and recurrent colonization between islands and archipelagos and the relatively recent diversification of restricted area lineages, probably due to the decrease of favorable habitats and competition with lineages previously established. This study extends to ferns the concept of Macaronesia archipelagos as refugia for genetic variation.
format	article
author	Samira Ben-Menni Schuler Jesús Picazo-Aragonés Fred J. Rumsey Ana Teresa Romero-García Víctor N. Suárez-Santiago
author_facet	Samira Ben-Menni Schuler Jesús Picazo-Aragonés Fred J. Rumsey Ana Teresa Romero-García Víctor N. Suárez-Santiago
author_sort	Samira Ben-Menni Schuler
title	Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)
title_short	Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)
title_full	Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)
title_fullStr	Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)
title_full_unstemmed	Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)
title_sort	macaronesia acts as a museum of genetic diversity of relict ferns: the case of <i>diplazium caudatum</i> (athyriaceae)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/28b5aa27aed1457aa68a19526ae361a6
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Macaronesia Acts as a Museum of Genetic Diversity of Relict Ferns: The Case of <i>Diplazium caudatum</i> (Athyriaceae)

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