Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compos...

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Autores principales:	Mpho S. Mafa, Brett I. Pletschke, Samkelo Malgas
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	cellulase cellulose expansin LPMO synergy swollenins Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/28d414e9da3344618e813e0437265548
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:28d414e9da3344618e813e04372655482021-11-25T17:06:08ZDefining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks10.3390/catal111113432073-4344https://doaj.org/article/28d414e9da3344618e813e04372655482021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/11/1343https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4344Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes’ synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.Mpho S. MafaBrett I. PletschkeSamkelo MalgasMDPI AGarticlecellulasecelluloseexpansinLPMOsynergyswolleninsChemical technologyTP1-1185ChemistryQD1-999ENCatalysts, Vol 11, Iss 1343, p 1343 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cellulase cellulose expansin LPMO synergy swollenins Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	cellulase cellulose expansin LPMO synergy swollenins Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999 Mpho S. Mafa Brett I. Pletschke Samkelo Malgas Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
description	Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes’ synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.
format	article
author	Mpho S. Mafa Brett I. Pletschke Samkelo Malgas
author_facet	Mpho S. Mafa Brett I. Pletschke Samkelo Malgas
author_sort	Mpho S. Mafa
title	Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
title_short	Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
title_full	Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
title_fullStr	Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
title_full_unstemmed	Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
title_sort	defining the frontiers of synergism between cellulolytic enzymes for improved hydrolysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/28d414e9da3344618e813e0437265548
work_keys_str_mv	AT mphosmafa definingthefrontiersofsynergismbetweencellulolyticenzymesforimprovedhydrolysisoflignocellulosicfeedstocks AT brettipletschke definingthefrontiersofsynergismbetweencellulolyticenzymesforimprovedhydrolysisoflignocellulosicfeedstocks AT samkelomalgas definingthefrontiersofsynergismbetweencellulolyticenzymesforimprovedhydrolysisoflignocellulosicfeedstocks
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Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

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