Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?

Suboptimal nutrient quality/quantity during complementary feeding (CF) can impact negatively on infants’ healthy growth, even with adequate energy intake. CF must supplement at best human milk (HM) or formulas, which show nutritional differences. Considering this, a differentiated CF is probably adv...

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Autores principales:	Margherita Caroli, Andrea Vania, Maria Anna Tomaselli, Immacolata Scotese, Giovanna Tezza, Maria Carmen Verga, Giuseppe Di Mauro, Angelo Antignani, Andrea Miniello, Marcello Bergamini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	weaning complementary feeding breastfeeding formula feeding cow milk nutritional needs Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2981c74638864200bc7fddc164bed384
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2981c74638864200bc7fddc164bed3842021-11-25T18:33:48ZBreastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?10.3390/nu131137562072-6643https://doaj.org/article/2981c74638864200bc7fddc164bed3842021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3756https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643Suboptimal nutrient quality/quantity during complementary feeding (CF) can impact negatively on infants’ healthy growth, even with adequate energy intake. CF must supplement at best human milk (HM) or formulas, which show nutritional differences. Considering this, a differentiated CF is probably advisable to correctly satisfy the different nutritional needs. To assess whether current needs at 6–24 months of age can still be met by one single CF scheme or different schemes are needed for breastfed vs. formula/cow’s milk (CM) fed infants, protein, iron and calcium intakes were assessed from daily menus using the same type and amount of solid food, leaving same amounts of HM and follow-up formula at 9 and again 18 months of age, when unmodified CM was added. Depending on the child’s age, calcium- and iron-fortified cereals or common retail foods were used. The single feeding scheme keeps protein intake low but higher than recommended, in HM-fed children while in formula/CM-fed ones, it achieves much higher protein intakes. Iron Population Recommended Intake (PRI) and calcium Adequate Intakes (AI) are met at the two ages only when a formula is used; otherwise, calcium-fortified cereals are needed. ESPGHAN statements on the futility of proposing different CF schemes according to the milk type fed do not allow to fully meet the nutritional recommendations issued by major Agencies/Organizations/Societies for all children of these age groups.Margherita CaroliAndrea VaniaMaria Anna TomaselliImmacolata ScoteseGiovanna TezzaMaria Carmen VergaGiuseppe Di MauroAngelo AntignaniAndrea MinielloMarcello BergaminiMDPI AGarticleweaningcomplementary feedingbreastfeedingformula feedingcow milknutritional needsNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENNutrients, Vol 13, Iss 3756, p 3756 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	weaning complementary feeding breastfeeding formula feeding cow milk nutritional needs Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	weaning complementary feeding breastfeeding formula feeding cow milk nutritional needs Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Margherita Caroli Andrea Vania Maria Anna Tomaselli Immacolata Scotese Giovanna Tezza Maria Carmen Verga Giuseppe Di Mauro Angelo Antignani Andrea Miniello Marcello Bergamini Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?
description	Suboptimal nutrient quality/quantity during complementary feeding (CF) can impact negatively on infants’ healthy growth, even with adequate energy intake. CF must supplement at best human milk (HM) or formulas, which show nutritional differences. Considering this, a differentiated CF is probably advisable to correctly satisfy the different nutritional needs. To assess whether current needs at 6–24 months of age can still be met by one single CF scheme or different schemes are needed for breastfed vs. formula/cow’s milk (CM) fed infants, protein, iron and calcium intakes were assessed from daily menus using the same type and amount of solid food, leaving same amounts of HM and follow-up formula at 9 and again 18 months of age, when unmodified CM was added. Depending on the child’s age, calcium- and iron-fortified cereals or common retail foods were used. The single feeding scheme keeps protein intake low but higher than recommended, in HM-fed children while in formula/CM-fed ones, it achieves much higher protein intakes. Iron Population Recommended Intake (PRI) and calcium Adequate Intakes (AI) are met at the two ages only when a formula is used; otherwise, calcium-fortified cereals are needed. ESPGHAN statements on the futility of proposing different CF schemes according to the milk type fed do not allow to fully meet the nutritional recommendations issued by major Agencies/Organizations/Societies for all children of these age groups.
format	article
author	Margherita Caroli Andrea Vania Maria Anna Tomaselli Immacolata Scotese Giovanna Tezza Maria Carmen Verga Giuseppe Di Mauro Angelo Antignani Andrea Miniello Marcello Bergamini
author_facet	Margherita Caroli Andrea Vania Maria Anna Tomaselli Immacolata Scotese Giovanna Tezza Maria Carmen Verga Giuseppe Di Mauro Angelo Antignani Andrea Miniello Marcello Bergamini
author_sort	Margherita Caroli
title	Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?
title_short	Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?
title_full	Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?
title_fullStr	Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?
title_full_unstemmed	Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?
title_sort	breastfed and formula-fed infants: need of a different complementary feeding model?
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2981c74638864200bc7fddc164bed384
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Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants: Need of a Different Complementary Feeding Model?

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