Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory

The lavatory is a fertile area for the transmission of infectious disease through bioaerosols between its users. In this study, we built a generic compact lavatory model with a vacuum toilet, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to evaluate the effects of ventilation and user behaviors on...

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Autores principales:	Jingyuan Wan, Jianjian Wei, Yingtien Lin, Tengfei (Tim) Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	compact lavatory fecal aerosol respiratory droplet ventilation thermal plume particle deposition Building construction TH1-9745
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/29b36363c9fd47c785f097ef0a3d3ed6
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:29b36363c9fd47c785f097ef0a3d3ed6
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:29b36363c9fd47c785f097ef0a3d3ed62021-11-25T16:59:49ZNumerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory10.3390/buildings111105262075-5309https://doaj.org/article/29b36363c9fd47c785f097ef0a3d3ed62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/11/11/526https://doaj.org/toc/2075-5309The lavatory is a fertile area for the transmission of infectious disease through bioaerosols between its users. In this study, we built a generic compact lavatory model with a vacuum toilet, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to evaluate the effects of ventilation and user behaviors on the airflow patterns, and the resulting fates of bioaerosols. Fecal aerosols are readily released into the lavatory during toilet flush. Their concentration rapidly decays in the first 20 s after flushing by deposition or dilution. It takes about 315 s to 348 s for fine bioaerosols (<10 µm in diameter) to decrease to 5% of the initial concentration, while it takes 50 and 100 µm bioaerosols approximately 11 and <1 s, respectively, to completely deposit. The most contaminated surfaces by aerosol deposition include the toilet seat, the bowl, and the nearby walls. The 10 µm aerosols tend to deposit on horizontal surfaces, while the 50 and 100 µm bioaerosols almost always deposit on the bowl. In the presence of a standing thermal manikin, the rising thermal plume alters the flow field and more bioaerosols are carried out from the toilet; a large fraction of aerosols deposit on the manikin’s legs. The respiratory droplets generated by a seated coughing manikin tend to deposit on the floor, legs, and feet of the manikin. In summary, this study reveals the bioaerosol dilution time and the easily contaminated surfaces in a compact lavatory, which will aid the development of control measures against infectious diseases.Jingyuan WanJianjian WeiYingtien LinTengfei (Tim) ZhangMDPI AGarticlecompact lavatoryfecal aerosolrespiratory dropletventilationthermal plumeparticle depositionBuilding constructionTH1-9745ENBuildings, Vol 11, Iss 526, p 526 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	compact lavatory fecal aerosol respiratory droplet ventilation thermal plume particle deposition Building construction TH1-9745
spellingShingle	compact lavatory fecal aerosol respiratory droplet ventilation thermal plume particle deposition Building construction TH1-9745 Jingyuan Wan Jianjian Wei Yingtien Lin Tengfei (Tim) Zhang Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory
description	The lavatory is a fertile area for the transmission of infectious disease through bioaerosols between its users. In this study, we built a generic compact lavatory model with a vacuum toilet, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to evaluate the effects of ventilation and user behaviors on the airflow patterns, and the resulting fates of bioaerosols. Fecal aerosols are readily released into the lavatory during toilet flush. Their concentration rapidly decays in the first 20 s after flushing by deposition or dilution. It takes about 315 s to 348 s for fine bioaerosols (<10 µm in diameter) to decrease to 5% of the initial concentration, while it takes 50 and 100 µm bioaerosols approximately 11 and <1 s, respectively, to completely deposit. The most contaminated surfaces by aerosol deposition include the toilet seat, the bowl, and the nearby walls. The 10 µm aerosols tend to deposit on horizontal surfaces, while the 50 and 100 µm bioaerosols almost always deposit on the bowl. In the presence of a standing thermal manikin, the rising thermal plume alters the flow field and more bioaerosols are carried out from the toilet; a large fraction of aerosols deposit on the manikin’s legs. The respiratory droplets generated by a seated coughing manikin tend to deposit on the floor, legs, and feet of the manikin. In summary, this study reveals the bioaerosol dilution time and the easily contaminated surfaces in a compact lavatory, which will aid the development of control measures against infectious diseases.
format	article
author	Jingyuan Wan Jianjian Wei Yingtien Lin Tengfei (Tim) Zhang
author_facet	Jingyuan Wan Jianjian Wei Yingtien Lin Tengfei (Tim) Zhang
author_sort	Jingyuan Wan
title	Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory
title_short	Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory
title_full	Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory
title_fullStr	Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory
title_full_unstemmed	Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory
title_sort	numerical investigation of bioaerosol transport in a compact lavatory
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/29b36363c9fd47c785f097ef0a3d3ed6
work_keys_str_mv	AT jingyuanwan numericalinvestigationofbioaerosoltransportinacompactlavatory AT jianjianwei numericalinvestigationofbioaerosoltransportinacompactlavatory AT yingtienlin numericalinvestigationofbioaerosoltransportinacompactlavatory AT tengfeitimzhang numericalinvestigationofbioaerosoltransportinacompactlavatory
_version_	1718412766138597376

Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory

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