Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations

Temephos, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely accepted for the control of Aedes aegypti, vector of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika. However, there are claims that repeated and indiscriminate use of temephos has resulted in resistance development in expos...

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Autores principales:	Kamal Adhikari, Bulbuli Khanikor
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Dengue vector Larvicide Organophosphates Temephos Pesticide resistance Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/29d9a0bc7ad0409fa4e5090875aa3947
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:29d9a0bc7ad0409fa4e5090875aa39472021-11-30T04:16:06ZGradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations2214-750010.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.013https://doaj.org/article/29d9a0bc7ad0409fa4e5090875aa39472021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750021001979https://doaj.org/toc/2214-7500Temephos, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely accepted for the control of Aedes aegypti, vector of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika. However, there are claims that repeated and indiscriminate use of temephos has resulted in resistance development in exposed mosquito populations. The present study attempts to evaluate the continuous performance of temephos on the Ae. aegypti population, in laboratory conditions, in terms of toxicity and the effect on marker enzymes associated with metabolic resistance. Results of the toxicity bioassay showed that after the initial exposure, toxicity increased till F4 generation by 1.65 fold, and continuous exposure resulted in a 7.83 fold reduction in toxicity at F28 generation. Percent mortality result showed a marked reduction in mortality with the passage of generations while using the same series of concentrations, viz. 2 ppm, which was 100 % lethal at the initial nine generations, could kill only 22.66 % at F28. Resistance to organophosphates is mainly governed by metabolic detoxifying enzyme families of esterases, glutathione-s-transferase, and cytochrome P450. Analysis of these metabolic detoxifying enzymes showed an inverse trend to toxicity (i.e. toxicity increased in early generations as enzyme activity dropped and then dropped as enzyme activity increased). At the initial exposure, enzyme activity decreased in 2–4 generations, however, repeated exposure led to a significant increase in all the metabolic detoxifying enzymes. From the toxicity level as well as marker enzyme bioassay results, it can be inferred that mosquitoes showed increased detoxification in generational time with an increase in enzymes associated with metabolic detoxification. In conclusion, repeated application of temephos led to resistance development in Ae. aegypti which may be associated with the increase in metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities.Kamal AdhikariBulbuli KhanikorElsevierarticleDengue vectorLarvicideOrganophosphatesTemephosPesticide resistanceToxicology. PoisonsRA1190-1270ENToxicology Reports, Vol 8, Iss , Pp 1883-1891 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Dengue vector Larvicide Organophosphates Temephos Pesticide resistance Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270
spellingShingle	Dengue vector Larvicide Organophosphates Temephos Pesticide resistance Toxicology. Poisons RA1190-1270 Kamal Adhikari Bulbuli Khanikor Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
description	Temephos, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely accepted for the control of Aedes aegypti, vector of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika. However, there are claims that repeated and indiscriminate use of temephos has resulted in resistance development in exposed mosquito populations. The present study attempts to evaluate the continuous performance of temephos on the Ae. aegypti population, in laboratory conditions, in terms of toxicity and the effect on marker enzymes associated with metabolic resistance. Results of the toxicity bioassay showed that after the initial exposure, toxicity increased till F4 generation by 1.65 fold, and continuous exposure resulted in a 7.83 fold reduction in toxicity at F28 generation. Percent mortality result showed a marked reduction in mortality with the passage of generations while using the same series of concentrations, viz. 2 ppm, which was 100 % lethal at the initial nine generations, could kill only 22.66 % at F28. Resistance to organophosphates is mainly governed by metabolic detoxifying enzyme families of esterases, glutathione-s-transferase, and cytochrome P450. Analysis of these metabolic detoxifying enzymes showed an inverse trend to toxicity (i.e. toxicity increased in early generations as enzyme activity dropped and then dropped as enzyme activity increased). At the initial exposure, enzyme activity decreased in 2–4 generations, however, repeated exposure led to a significant increase in all the metabolic detoxifying enzymes. From the toxicity level as well as marker enzyme bioassay results, it can be inferred that mosquitoes showed increased detoxification in generational time with an increase in enzymes associated with metabolic detoxification. In conclusion, repeated application of temephos led to resistance development in Ae. aegypti which may be associated with the increase in metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities.
format	article
author	Kamal Adhikari Bulbuli Khanikor
author_facet	Kamal Adhikari Bulbuli Khanikor
author_sort	Kamal Adhikari
title	Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
title_short	Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
title_full	Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
title_fullStr	Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
title_full_unstemmed	Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
title_sort	gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/29d9a0bc7ad0409fa4e5090875aa3947
work_keys_str_mv	AT kamaladhikari gradualreductionofsusceptibilityandenhanceddetoxifyingenzymeactivitiesoflaboratoryrearedaedesaegyptiunderexposureoftemephosfor28generations AT bulbulikhanikor gradualreductionofsusceptibilityandenhanceddetoxifyingenzymeactivitiesoflaboratoryrearedaedesaegyptiunderexposureoftemephosfor28generations
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Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations

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