Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.

Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in oil-rich seed and grain crops and are a serious problem in agriculture, with aflatoxin B₁ being the most carcinogenic natural compound known. Sexual reproduction in these species occurs between individuals belonging to different veg...

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Autores principales:	Geromy G Moore, Jacalyn L Elliott, Rakhi Singh, Bruce W Horn, Joe W Dorner, Eric A Stone, Sofia N Chulze, German G Barros, Manjunath K Naik, Graeme C Wright, Kerstin Hell, Ignazio Carbone
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/29f50d63294c4d10ae242c7d0d223dea
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:29f50d63294c4d10ae242c7d0d223dea2021-11-18T06:07:43ZSexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.1553-73661553-737410.1371/journal.ppat.1003574https://doaj.org/article/29f50d63294c4d10ae242c7d0d223dea2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24009506/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7366https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7374Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in oil-rich seed and grain crops and are a serious problem in agriculture, with aflatoxin B₁ being the most carcinogenic natural compound known. Sexual reproduction in these species occurs between individuals belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). We examined natural genetic variation in 758 isolates of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes sampled from single peanut fields in the United States (Georgia), Africa (Benin), Argentina (Córdoba), Australia (Queensland) and India (Karnataka). Analysis of DNA sequence variation across multiple intergenic regions in the aflatoxin gene clusters of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes revealed significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) organized into distinct blocks that are conserved across different localities, suggesting that genetic recombination is nonrandom and a global occurrence. To assess the contributions of asexual and sexual reproduction to fixation and maintenance of toxin chemotype diversity in populations from each locality/species, we tested the null hypothesis of an equal number of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating-type individuals, which is indicative of a sexually recombining population. All samples were clone-corrected using multi-locus sequence typing which associates closely with VCG. For both A. flavus and A. parasiticus, when the proportions of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were significantly different, there was more extensive LD in the aflatoxin cluster and populations were fixed for specific toxin chemotype classes, either the non-aflatoxigenic class in A. flavus or the B₁-dominant and G₁-dominant classes in A. parasiticus. A mating type ratio close to 1∶1 in A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes was associated with higher recombination rates in the aflatoxin cluster and less pronounced chemotype differences in populations. This work shows that the reproductive nature of the population (more sexual versus more asexual) is predictive of aflatoxin chemotype diversity in these agriculturally important fungi.Geromy G MooreJacalyn L ElliottRakhi SinghBruce W HornJoe W DornerEric A StoneSofia N ChulzeGerman G BarrosManjunath K NaikGraeme C WrightKerstin HellIgnazio CarbonePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Pathogens, Vol 9, Iss 8, p e1003574 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Geromy G Moore Jacalyn L Elliott Rakhi Singh Bruce W Horn Joe W Dorner Eric A Stone Sofia N Chulze German G Barros Manjunath K Naik Graeme C Wright Kerstin Hell Ignazio Carbone Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
description	Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in oil-rich seed and grain crops and are a serious problem in agriculture, with aflatoxin B₁ being the most carcinogenic natural compound known. Sexual reproduction in these species occurs between individuals belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). We examined natural genetic variation in 758 isolates of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes sampled from single peanut fields in the United States (Georgia), Africa (Benin), Argentina (Córdoba), Australia (Queensland) and India (Karnataka). Analysis of DNA sequence variation across multiple intergenic regions in the aflatoxin gene clusters of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes revealed significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) organized into distinct blocks that are conserved across different localities, suggesting that genetic recombination is nonrandom and a global occurrence. To assess the contributions of asexual and sexual reproduction to fixation and maintenance of toxin chemotype diversity in populations from each locality/species, we tested the null hypothesis of an equal number of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating-type individuals, which is indicative of a sexually recombining population. All samples were clone-corrected using multi-locus sequence typing which associates closely with VCG. For both A. flavus and A. parasiticus, when the proportions of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were significantly different, there was more extensive LD in the aflatoxin cluster and populations were fixed for specific toxin chemotype classes, either the non-aflatoxigenic class in A. flavus or the B₁-dominant and G₁-dominant classes in A. parasiticus. A mating type ratio close to 1∶1 in A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes was associated with higher recombination rates in the aflatoxin cluster and less pronounced chemotype differences in populations. This work shows that the reproductive nature of the population (more sexual versus more asexual) is predictive of aflatoxin chemotype diversity in these agriculturally important fungi.
format	article
author	Geromy G Moore Jacalyn L Elliott Rakhi Singh Bruce W Horn Joe W Dorner Eric A Stone Sofia N Chulze German G Barros Manjunath K Naik Graeme C Wright Kerstin Hell Ignazio Carbone
author_facet	Geromy G Moore Jacalyn L Elliott Rakhi Singh Bruce W Horn Joe W Dorner Eric A Stone Sofia N Chulze German G Barros Manjunath K Naik Graeme C Wright Kerstin Hell Ignazio Carbone
author_sort	Geromy G Moore
title	Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
title_short	Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
title_full	Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
title_fullStr	Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
title_full_unstemmed	Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
title_sort	sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/29f50d63294c4d10ae242c7d0d223dea
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Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: evidence on a global scale.

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