<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization

ABSTRACT Biofilms are thought to play an important role during colonization of the nasopharynx by Streptococcus pneumoniae, yet how they form in vivo and the determinants responsible remain unknown. Using scanning electron microscopy, we show that biofilm aggregates of increasing complexity form on...

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Autores principales:	Krystle Blanchette-Cain, Cecilia A. Hinojosa, Ramya Akula Suresh Babu, Anel Lizcano, Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe, Carmen Munoz-Almagro, Carlos J. Sanchez, Molly A. Bergman, Carlos J. Orihuela
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2013
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2a4204223ce84afa9e17c17ad694e9be
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2a4204223ce84afa9e17c17ad694e9be2021-11-15T15:42:47Z<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization10.1128/mBio.00745-132150-7511https://doaj.org/article/2a4204223ce84afa9e17c17ad694e9be2013-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00745-13https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Biofilms are thought to play an important role during colonization of the nasopharynx by Streptococcus pneumoniae, yet how they form in vivo and the determinants responsible remain unknown. Using scanning electron microscopy, we show that biofilm aggregates of increasing complexity form on murine nasal septa following intranasal inoculation. These biofilms were highly distinct from in vitro biofilms, as they were discontiguous and appeared to incorporate nonbacterial components such as intact host cells. Biofilms initially formed on the surface of ciliated epithelial cells and, as cells were sloughed off, were found on the basement membrane. The size and number of biofilm aggregates within nasal lavage fluid were digitally quantitated and revealed strain-specific capabilities that loosely correlated with the ability to form robust in vitro biofilms. We tested the ability of isogenic mutants deficient in CbpA, pneumolysin, hydrogen peroxide, LytA, LuxS, CiaR/H, and PsrP to form biofilms within the nasopharynx. This analysis revealed that CiaR/H was absolutely required for colonization, that PsrP and SpxB strongly impacted aggregate formation, and that other determinants affected aggregate morphology in a modest fashion. We determined that mice colonized with ΔpsrP mutants had greater levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and KC in nasal lavage fluid than did mice colonized with wild-type controls. This phenotype correlated with a diminished capacity of biofilm pneumococci to invade host cells in vitro despite enhanced attachment. Our results show that biofilms form during colonization and suggest that they may contribute to persistence through a hyperadhesive, noninvasive state that elicits a dampened cytokine response. IMPORTANCE This work demonstrates the first temporal characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation in vivo. Our results show that the morphology of biofilms formed by both invasive and noninvasive clinical isolates in vivo is distinct from that of formed biofilms in vitro, yet propensity to form biofilms in vivo loosely correlates with the degree of in vitro biofilm formation on a microtiter plate. We show that host components, including intact host cells, influence the formation of in vivo structures. We also found that efficient biofilm formation in vivo requires multiple bacterial determinants. While some factors are essential for in vivo biofilm formation (CiaRH, PsrP, and SpxB), other factors are less critical (CbpA, LytA, LuxS, and pneumolysin). In comparison to their planktonic counterparts, biofilm pneumococci are hyperadhesive but less invasive and elicit a weaker proinflammatory cytokine response. These findings give insight into the requirements for and potential role of biofilms during prolonged asymptomatic colonization.Krystle Blanchette-CainCecilia A. HinojosaRamya Akula Suresh BabuAnel LizcanoNorberto Gonzalez-JuarbeCarmen Munoz-AlmagroCarlos J. SanchezMolly A. BergmanCarlos J. OrihuelaAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 4, Iss 5 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Krystle Blanchette-Cain Cecilia A. Hinojosa Ramya Akula Suresh Babu Anel Lizcano Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe Carmen Munoz-Almagro Carlos J. Sanchez Molly A. Bergman Carlos J. Orihuela <named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization
description	ABSTRACT Biofilms are thought to play an important role during colonization of the nasopharynx by Streptococcus pneumoniae, yet how they form in vivo and the determinants responsible remain unknown. Using scanning electron microscopy, we show that biofilm aggregates of increasing complexity form on murine nasal septa following intranasal inoculation. These biofilms were highly distinct from in vitro biofilms, as they were discontiguous and appeared to incorporate nonbacterial components such as intact host cells. Biofilms initially formed on the surface of ciliated epithelial cells and, as cells were sloughed off, were found on the basement membrane. The size and number of biofilm aggregates within nasal lavage fluid were digitally quantitated and revealed strain-specific capabilities that loosely correlated with the ability to form robust in vitro biofilms. We tested the ability of isogenic mutants deficient in CbpA, pneumolysin, hydrogen peroxide, LytA, LuxS, CiaR/H, and PsrP to form biofilms within the nasopharynx. This analysis revealed that CiaR/H was absolutely required for colonization, that PsrP and SpxB strongly impacted aggregate formation, and that other determinants affected aggregate morphology in a modest fashion. We determined that mice colonized with ΔpsrP mutants had greater levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and KC in nasal lavage fluid than did mice colonized with wild-type controls. This phenotype correlated with a diminished capacity of biofilm pneumococci to invade host cells in vitro despite enhanced attachment. Our results show that biofilms form during colonization and suggest that they may contribute to persistence through a hyperadhesive, noninvasive state that elicits a dampened cytokine response. IMPORTANCE This work demonstrates the first temporal characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation in vivo. Our results show that the morphology of biofilms formed by both invasive and noninvasive clinical isolates in vivo is distinct from that of formed biofilms in vitro, yet propensity to form biofilms in vivo loosely correlates with the degree of in vitro biofilm formation on a microtiter plate. We show that host components, including intact host cells, influence the formation of in vivo structures. We also found that efficient biofilm formation in vivo requires multiple bacterial determinants. While some factors are essential for in vivo biofilm formation (CiaRH, PsrP, and SpxB), other factors are less critical (CbpA, LytA, LuxS, and pneumolysin). In comparison to their planktonic counterparts, biofilm pneumococci are hyperadhesive but less invasive and elicit a weaker proinflammatory cytokine response. These findings give insight into the requirements for and potential role of biofilms during prolonged asymptomatic colonization.
format	article
author	Krystle Blanchette-Cain Cecilia A. Hinojosa Ramya Akula Suresh Babu Anel Lizcano Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe Carmen Munoz-Almagro Carlos J. Sanchez Molly A. Bergman Carlos J. Orihuela
author_facet	Krystle Blanchette-Cain Cecilia A. Hinojosa Ramya Akula Suresh Babu Anel Lizcano Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe Carmen Munoz-Almagro Carlos J. Sanchez Molly A. Bergman Carlos J. Orihuela
author_sort	Krystle Blanchette-Cain
title	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization
title_short	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization
title_full	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization
title_fullStr	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization
title_full_unstemmed	<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization
title_sort	<named-content content-type="genus-species">streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> biofilm formation is strain dependent, multifactorial, and associated with reduced invasiveness and immunoreactivity during colonization
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/2a4204223ce84afa9e17c17ad694e9be
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<named-content content-type="genus-species">Streptococcus pneumoniae</named-content> Biofilm Formation Is Strain Dependent, Multifactorial, and Associated with Reduced Invasiveness and Immunoreactivity during Colonization

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