Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States

Introduction: We recently showed that the prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in U.S. states is positively associated with the quantity of acid rain. Acid rain could play an etiologic role in PD by mobilizing metals, e.g., lead, from watersheds and pipes into drinking water. We assessed the corre...

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Autores principales:	Gary G. Schwartz, Mark R. Williamson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Parkinson's disease Lead service lines Epidemiology Ecological study Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2a4e5b6012d446ae9cc4750bdf384abf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2a4e5b6012d446ae9cc4750bdf384abf2021-12-04T04:35:47ZLead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States2590-112510.1016/j.prdoa.2021.100122https://doaj.org/article/2a4e5b6012d446ae9cc4750bdf384abf2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590112521000347https://doaj.org/toc/2590-1125Introduction: We recently showed that the prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in U.S. states is positively associated with the quantity of acid rain. Acid rain could play an etiologic role in PD by mobilizing metals, e.g., lead, from watersheds and pipes into drinking water. We assessed the correlation of PD with lead service lines, the underground pipes that connect homes to municipal water sources, which are a major aqueous source of lead. Methods: We used multiple regression techniques to examine PD prevalence rates by state relative to the number of lead service lines. We included known or suspected aqueous risk factors, e.g., the Acid Precipitation Index (a measure of acid rain) and well water use. Results: Age-, race-, and sex-adjusted prevalence rates for PD were significantly and positively correlated with the log number of lead service lines (p = 0.0004). The effect of lead service lines remained significant after adjusting for the effects of acid rain and well water use (p = 0.0019). Conclusion: These findings are consistent with a role for lead in the etiology of PD. Studies of lead service line exposure in relation to PD at the individual level are warranted.Gary G. SchwartzMark R. WilliamsonElsevierarticleParkinson's diseaseLead service linesEpidemiologyEcological studyNeurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENClinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, Vol 5, Iss , Pp 100122- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Parkinson's disease Lead service lines Epidemiology Ecological study Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	Parkinson's disease Lead service lines Epidemiology Ecological study Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Gary G. Schwartz Mark R. Williamson Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States
description	Introduction: We recently showed that the prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in U.S. states is positively associated with the quantity of acid rain. Acid rain could play an etiologic role in PD by mobilizing metals, e.g., lead, from watersheds and pipes into drinking water. We assessed the correlation of PD with lead service lines, the underground pipes that connect homes to municipal water sources, which are a major aqueous source of lead. Methods: We used multiple regression techniques to examine PD prevalence rates by state relative to the number of lead service lines. We included known or suspected aqueous risk factors, e.g., the Acid Precipitation Index (a measure of acid rain) and well water use. Results: Age-, race-, and sex-adjusted prevalence rates for PD were significantly and positively correlated with the log number of lead service lines (p = 0.0004). The effect of lead service lines remained significant after adjusting for the effects of acid rain and well water use (p = 0.0019). Conclusion: These findings are consistent with a role for lead in the etiology of PD. Studies of lead service line exposure in relation to PD at the individual level are warranted.
format	article
author	Gary G. Schwartz Mark R. Williamson
author_facet	Gary G. Schwartz Mark R. Williamson
author_sort	Gary G. Schwartz
title	Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States
title_short	Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States
title_full	Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States
title_fullStr	Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States
title_full_unstemmed	Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States
title_sort	lead service lines and parkinson’s disease prevalence in u.s. states
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2a4e5b6012d446ae9cc4750bdf384abf
work_keys_str_mv	AT garygschwartz leadservicelinesandparkinsonsdiseaseprevalenceinusstates AT markrwilliamson leadservicelinesandparkinsonsdiseaseprevalenceinusstates
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Lead service lines and Parkinson’s disease prevalence in U.S. States

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