Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Steep delay discounting, or a greater preference for smaller-immediate rewards over larger-delayed rewards, is a common phenomenon across a range of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Non-substance behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, food addiction) are of...

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Autores principales:	Sarah Weinsztok, Sarah Brassard, Iris Balodis, Laura E. Martin, Michael Amlung
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	delay discounting behavioral addiction systematic review meta-analysis behavioral economics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2b51530eca394745b4ca6f303ba2010b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2b51530eca394745b4ca6f303ba2010b2021-12-01T06:57:48ZDelay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis1662-515310.3389/fnbeh.2021.786358https://doaj.org/article/2b51530eca394745b4ca6f303ba2010b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.786358/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1662-5153Steep delay discounting, or a greater preference for smaller-immediate rewards over larger-delayed rewards, is a common phenomenon across a range of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Non-substance behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, food addiction) are of increasing interest in delay discounting research. Individual studies have reported steeper discounting in people exhibiting various behavioral addictions compared to controls or significant correlations between discounting and behavioral addiction scales; however, not all studies have found significant effects. To synthesize the published research in this area and identify priorities for future research, we conducted a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis (following PRISMA guidelines) of delay discounting studies across a range of behavioral addiction categories. The final sample included 78 studies, yielding 87 effect sizes for the meta-analysis. For studies with categorical designs, we found statistically significant, medium-to-large effect sizes for gambling disorder (Cohen’s d = 0.82) and IGD (d = 0.89), although the IGD effect size was disproportionately influenced by a single study (adjusted d = 0.53 after removal). Categorical internet/smartphone studies were non-significant (d = 0.16, p = 0.06). Aggregate correlations in dimensional studies were statistically significant, but generally small magnitude for gambling (r = 0.22), internet/smartphone (r = 0.13) and food addiction (r = 0.12). Heterogeneity statistics suggested substantial variability across studies, and publication bias indices indicated moderate impact of unpublished or small sample studies. These findings generally suggest that some behavioral addictions are associated with steeper discounting, with the most robust evidence for gambling disorder. Importantly, this review also highlighted several categories with notably smaller effect sizes or categories with too few studies to be included (e.g., compulsive buying, exercise addiction). Further research on delay discounting in behavioral addictions is warranted, particularly for categories with relatively few studies.Sarah WeinsztokSarah BrassardIris BalodisLaura E. MartinLaura E. MartinLaura E. MartinMichael AmlungMichael AmlungFrontiers Media S.A.articledelay discountingbehavioral addictionsystematic reviewmeta-analysisbehavioral economicsNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	delay discounting behavioral addiction systematic review meta-analysis behavioral economics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	delay discounting behavioral addiction systematic review meta-analysis behavioral economics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Sarah Weinsztok Sarah Brassard Iris Balodis Laura E. Martin Laura E. Martin Laura E. Martin Michael Amlung Michael Amlung Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
description	Steep delay discounting, or a greater preference for smaller-immediate rewards over larger-delayed rewards, is a common phenomenon across a range of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Non-substance behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, food addiction) are of increasing interest in delay discounting research. Individual studies have reported steeper discounting in people exhibiting various behavioral addictions compared to controls or significant correlations between discounting and behavioral addiction scales; however, not all studies have found significant effects. To synthesize the published research in this area and identify priorities for future research, we conducted a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis (following PRISMA guidelines) of delay discounting studies across a range of behavioral addiction categories. The final sample included 78 studies, yielding 87 effect sizes for the meta-analysis. For studies with categorical designs, we found statistically significant, medium-to-large effect sizes for gambling disorder (Cohen’s d = 0.82) and IGD (d = 0.89), although the IGD effect size was disproportionately influenced by a single study (adjusted d = 0.53 after removal). Categorical internet/smartphone studies were non-significant (d = 0.16, p = 0.06). Aggregate correlations in dimensional studies were statistically significant, but generally small magnitude for gambling (r = 0.22), internet/smartphone (r = 0.13) and food addiction (r = 0.12). Heterogeneity statistics suggested substantial variability across studies, and publication bias indices indicated moderate impact of unpublished or small sample studies. These findings generally suggest that some behavioral addictions are associated with steeper discounting, with the most robust evidence for gambling disorder. Importantly, this review also highlighted several categories with notably smaller effect sizes or categories with too few studies to be included (e.g., compulsive buying, exercise addiction). Further research on delay discounting in behavioral addictions is warranted, particularly for categories with relatively few studies.
format	article
author	Sarah Weinsztok Sarah Brassard Iris Balodis Laura E. Martin Laura E. Martin Laura E. Martin Michael Amlung Michael Amlung
author_facet	Sarah Weinsztok Sarah Brassard Iris Balodis Laura E. Martin Laura E. Martin Laura E. Martin Michael Amlung Michael Amlung
author_sort	Sarah Weinsztok
title	Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_short	Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full	Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_fullStr	Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_sort	delay discounting in established and proposed behavioral addictions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2b51530eca394745b4ca6f303ba2010b
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Delay Discounting in Established and Proposed Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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