Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.

<h4>Background</h4>Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease reported in the north and south of Thailand of which patients with HIV/AIDS are a high risk group for acquiring the infection. A lack of information regarding prevalence, and the risk association of Leishmania infection a...

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Autores principales:	Pamornsri Sriwongpan, Supalert Nedsuwan, Jidapa Manomat, Sakarn Charoensakulchai, Kittiphat Lacharojana, Jamnong Sankwan, Natheeporn Kobpungton, Taweesak Sriwongpun, Saovanee Leelayoova, Mathirut Mungthin, Suradej Siripattanapipong, Toon Ruang-Areerate, Tawee Naaglor, Theethach Eamchotchawalit, Phunlerd Piyaraj
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2bdeb760f46a4f2482d8f141e7fa6356
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2bdeb760f46a4f2482d8f141e7fa63562021-12-02T20:23:47ZPrevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0009545https://doaj.org/article/2bdeb760f46a4f2482d8f141e7fa63562021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009545https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease reported in the north and south of Thailand of which patients with HIV/AIDS are a high risk group for acquiring the infection. A lack of information regarding prevalence, and the risk association of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic immunocompetent hosts needs further investigation. Information on potential vectors and animal reservoirs in the affected areas is also important to control disease transmission.<h4>Methods</h4>An outbreak investigation and a cross-sectional study were conducted following one index case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. martiniquensis in an immunocompetent male patient reported in August 2015, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. From September to November 2015, a total of 392 participants at two study areas who were related to the index case, 130 students at a semi-boarding vocational school and 262 hill tribe villagers in the patient's hometown, were recruited in this study. The nested internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR (ITS1-PCR) was performed to detect Leishmania DNA in buffy coat, and nucleotide sequencing was used to identify species. Antibody screening in plasma was performed using the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT), and associated risk factors were analyzed using a standardized questionnaire. Captured sandflies within the study areas were identified and detected for Leishmania DNA using nested ITS1-PCR. Moreover, the animal reservoirs in the study areas were also explored for Leishmania infection.<h4>Results</h4>Of 392 participants, 28 (7.1%) were positive for Leishmania infection of which 1 (4.8%) was L. martiniquensis, 12 (57.1%) were L. orientalis and 8 (38.1%) were Leishmania spp. Of 28, 15 (53.6%) were DAT positive. None showed any symptoms of CL or visceral leishmaniasis. Risk factors were associated with being female (adjusted odds ratio, AOR 2.52, 95%CI 1.01-6.26), increasing age (AOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08), having an animal enclosure in a housing area (AOR 3.04, 95%CI 1.13-8.22), being exposed to termite mounds (AOR 3.74, 95%CI 1.11-12.58) and having domestic animals in a housing area (AOR 7.11, 95%CI 2.08-24.37). At the semi-boarding vocational school, six Sergentomyia gemmea samples were PCR positive for DNA of L. orientalis and one S. gemmea was PCR positive for DNA of L. donovani/L. infantum. Additionally, one Phlebotomus stantoni was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis, and one black rat (Rattus rattus) was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This information could be useful for monitoring Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts in affected areas and also setting up strategies for prevention and control. A follow-up study of asymptomatic individuals with seropositive results as well as those with positive PCR results is recommended.Pamornsri SriwongpanSupalert NedsuwanJidapa ManomatSakarn CharoensakulchaiKittiphat LacharojanaJamnong SankwanNatheeporn KobpungtonTaweesak SriwongpunSaovanee LeelayoovaMathirut MungthinSuradej SiripattanapipongToon Ruang-AreerateTawee NaaglorTheethach EamchotchawalitPhunlerd PiyarajPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 7, p e0009545 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Pamornsri Sriwongpan Supalert Nedsuwan Jidapa Manomat Sakarn Charoensakulchai Kittiphat Lacharojana Jamnong Sankwan Natheeporn Kobpungton Taweesak Sriwongpun Saovanee Leelayoova Mathirut Mungthin Suradej Siripattanapipong Toon Ruang-Areerate Tawee Naaglor Theethach Eamchotchawalit Phunlerd Piyaraj Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease reported in the north and south of Thailand of which patients with HIV/AIDS are a high risk group for acquiring the infection. A lack of information regarding prevalence, and the risk association of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic immunocompetent hosts needs further investigation. Information on potential vectors and animal reservoirs in the affected areas is also important to control disease transmission.<h4>Methods</h4>An outbreak investigation and a cross-sectional study were conducted following one index case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. martiniquensis in an immunocompetent male patient reported in August 2015, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. From September to November 2015, a total of 392 participants at two study areas who were related to the index case, 130 students at a semi-boarding vocational school and 262 hill tribe villagers in the patient's hometown, were recruited in this study. The nested internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR (ITS1-PCR) was performed to detect Leishmania DNA in buffy coat, and nucleotide sequencing was used to identify species. Antibody screening in plasma was performed using the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT), and associated risk factors were analyzed using a standardized questionnaire. Captured sandflies within the study areas were identified and detected for Leishmania DNA using nested ITS1-PCR. Moreover, the animal reservoirs in the study areas were also explored for Leishmania infection.<h4>Results</h4>Of 392 participants, 28 (7.1%) were positive for Leishmania infection of which 1 (4.8%) was L. martiniquensis, 12 (57.1%) were L. orientalis and 8 (38.1%) were Leishmania spp. Of 28, 15 (53.6%) were DAT positive. None showed any symptoms of CL or visceral leishmaniasis. Risk factors were associated with being female (adjusted odds ratio, AOR 2.52, 95%CI 1.01-6.26), increasing age (AOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08), having an animal enclosure in a housing area (AOR 3.04, 95%CI 1.13-8.22), being exposed to termite mounds (AOR 3.74, 95%CI 1.11-12.58) and having domestic animals in a housing area (AOR 7.11, 95%CI 2.08-24.37). At the semi-boarding vocational school, six Sergentomyia gemmea samples were PCR positive for DNA of L. orientalis and one S. gemmea was PCR positive for DNA of L. donovani/L. infantum. Additionally, one Phlebotomus stantoni was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis, and one black rat (Rattus rattus) was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This information could be useful for monitoring Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts in affected areas and also setting up strategies for prevention and control. A follow-up study of asymptomatic individuals with seropositive results as well as those with positive PCR results is recommended.
format	article
author	Pamornsri Sriwongpan Supalert Nedsuwan Jidapa Manomat Sakarn Charoensakulchai Kittiphat Lacharojana Jamnong Sankwan Natheeporn Kobpungton Taweesak Sriwongpun Saovanee Leelayoova Mathirut Mungthin Suradej Siripattanapipong Toon Ruang-Areerate Tawee Naaglor Theethach Eamchotchawalit Phunlerd Piyaraj
author_facet	Pamornsri Sriwongpan Supalert Nedsuwan Jidapa Manomat Sakarn Charoensakulchai Kittiphat Lacharojana Jamnong Sankwan Natheeporn Kobpungton Taweesak Sriwongpun Saovanee Leelayoova Mathirut Mungthin Suradej Siripattanapipong Toon Ruang-Areerate Tawee Naaglor Theethach Eamchotchawalit Phunlerd Piyaraj
author_sort	Pamornsri Sriwongpan
title	Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
title_short	Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
title_full	Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
title_fullStr	Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
title_full_unstemmed	Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.
title_sort	prevalence and associated risk factors of leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in chiang rai, thailand.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2bdeb760f46a4f2482d8f141e7fa6356
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Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand.

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