Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?

<h4>Introduction</h4>Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals.<h4>Materials and metho...

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Autores principales:	Antoine Le Boedec, Norah Anthony, Cécile Vigneau, Benoit Hue, Fabrice Laine, Bruno Laviolle, Martine Bonnaure-Mallet, Astrid Bacle, Jean-Sébastien Allain
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2bdf0c624a0643cba7041e9d7e3a520a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2bdf0c624a0643cba7041e9d7e3a520a2021-12-02T20:15:32ZGender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254311https://doaj.org/article/2bdf0c624a0643cba7041e9d7e3a520a2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254311https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Introduction</h4>Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020.<h4>Results</h4>In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.Antoine Le BoedecNorah AnthonyCécile VigneauBenoit HueFabrice LaineBruno LaviolleMartine Bonnaure-MalletAstrid BacleJean-Sébastien AllainPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0254311 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Antoine Le Boedec Norah Anthony Cécile Vigneau Benoit Hue Fabrice Laine Bruno Laviolle Martine Bonnaure-Mallet Astrid Bacle Jean-Sébastien Allain Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
description	<h4>Introduction</h4>Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020.<h4>Results</h4>In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.
format	article
author	Antoine Le Boedec Norah Anthony Cécile Vigneau Benoit Hue Fabrice Laine Bruno Laviolle Martine Bonnaure-Mallet Astrid Bacle Jean-Sébastien Allain
author_facet	Antoine Le Boedec Norah Anthony Cécile Vigneau Benoit Hue Fabrice Laine Bruno Laviolle Martine Bonnaure-Mallet Astrid Bacle Jean-Sébastien Allain
author_sort	Antoine Le Boedec
title	Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
title_short	Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
title_full	Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
title_fullStr	Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
title_full_unstemmed	Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
title_sort	gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in french hospitals: where have we been and where are we now?
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2bdf0c624a0643cba7041e9d7e3a520a
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Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?

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