Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.

Figs are the inflorescences of fig trees (Ficus spp., Moraceae). They are shaped like a hollow ball, lined on their inner surface by numerous tiny female flowers. Pollination is carried out by host-specific fig wasps (Agaonidae). Female pollinators enter the figs through a narrow entrance gate and o...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Hui Yu, Stephen G Compton
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2c3938bda5b748ec8bafc77b6e20e5c6
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:2c3938bda5b748ec8bafc77b6e20e5c6
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2c3938bda5b748ec8bafc77b6e20e5c62021-11-18T07:29:19ZMoving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0030833https://doaj.org/article/2c3938bda5b748ec8bafc77b6e20e5c62012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22295113/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Figs are the inflorescences of fig trees (Ficus spp., Moraceae). They are shaped like a hollow ball, lined on their inner surface by numerous tiny female flowers. Pollination is carried out by host-specific fig wasps (Agaonidae). Female pollinators enter the figs through a narrow entrance gate and once inside can walk around on a platform generated by the stigmas of the flowers. They lay their eggs into the ovules, via the stigmas and styles, and also gall the flowers, causing the ovules to expand and their pedicels to elongate. A single pollinator larva develops in each galled ovule. Numerous species of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW, belonging to other families of Chalcidoidea) also make use of galled ovules in the figs. Some initiate galls, others make use of pollinator-generated galls, killing pollinator larvae. Most NPFW oviposit from the outside of figs, making peripherally-located pollinator larvae more prone to attack. Style length variation is high among monoecious Ficus spp. and pollinators mainly oviposit into more centrally-located ovules, with shorter styles. Style length variation is lower in male (wasp-producing) figs of dioecious Ficus spp., making ovules equally vulnerable to attack by NPFW at the time that pollinators oviposit. We recorded the spatial distributions of galled ovules in mature male figs of the dioecious Ficus hirta in Southern China. The galls contained pollinators and three NPFW that kill them. Pollinators were concentrated in galls located towards the centre of the figs, NPFW towards the periphery. Due to greater pedicel elongation by male galls, male pollinators became located in more central galls than their females, and so were less likely to be attacked. This helps ensure that sufficient males survive, despite strongly female-biased sex ratios, and may be a consequence of the pollinator females laying mostly male eggs at the start of oviposition sequences.Hui YuStephen G ComptonPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 1, p e30833 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Hui Yu Stephen G Compton Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
description	Figs are the inflorescences of fig trees (Ficus spp., Moraceae). They are shaped like a hollow ball, lined on their inner surface by numerous tiny female flowers. Pollination is carried out by host-specific fig wasps (Agaonidae). Female pollinators enter the figs through a narrow entrance gate and once inside can walk around on a platform generated by the stigmas of the flowers. They lay their eggs into the ovules, via the stigmas and styles, and also gall the flowers, causing the ovules to expand and their pedicels to elongate. A single pollinator larva develops in each galled ovule. Numerous species of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW, belonging to other families of Chalcidoidea) also make use of galled ovules in the figs. Some initiate galls, others make use of pollinator-generated galls, killing pollinator larvae. Most NPFW oviposit from the outside of figs, making peripherally-located pollinator larvae more prone to attack. Style length variation is high among monoecious Ficus spp. and pollinators mainly oviposit into more centrally-located ovules, with shorter styles. Style length variation is lower in male (wasp-producing) figs of dioecious Ficus spp., making ovules equally vulnerable to attack by NPFW at the time that pollinators oviposit. We recorded the spatial distributions of galled ovules in mature male figs of the dioecious Ficus hirta in Southern China. The galls contained pollinators and three NPFW that kill them. Pollinators were concentrated in galls located towards the centre of the figs, NPFW towards the periphery. Due to greater pedicel elongation by male galls, male pollinators became located in more central galls than their females, and so were less likely to be attacked. This helps ensure that sufficient males survive, despite strongly female-biased sex ratios, and may be a consequence of the pollinator females laying mostly male eggs at the start of oviposition sequences.
format	article
author	Hui Yu Stephen G Compton
author_facet	Hui Yu Stephen G Compton
author_sort	Hui Yu
title	Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
title_short	Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
title_full	Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
title_fullStr	Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
title_full_unstemmed	Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
title_sort	moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/2c3938bda5b748ec8bafc77b6e20e5c6
work_keys_str_mv	AT huiyu movingyoursonstosafetygallscontainingmalefigwaspsexpandintothecentreoffigsawayfromenemies AT stephengcompton movingyoursonstosafetygallscontainingmalefigwaspsexpandintothecentreoffigsawayfromenemies
_version_	1718423338115661824

Moving your sons to safety: galls containing male fig wasps expand into the centre of figs, away from enemies.

Ejemplares similares