Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Whip spiders (Amblypygi) represent an ancient order of tetrapulmonate arachnids with a low diversity. Their cytogenetic data are confined to only a few reports. Here, we analyzed the family Charinidae, a lineage almost at the base of the amblypygids, providing an insight into the ancestral traits an...

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Autores principales:	Azucena Claudia Reyes Lerma, František Šťáhlavský, Michael Seiter, Leonela Zusel Carabajal Paladino, Klára Divišová, Martin Forman, Alexandr Sember, Jiří Král
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Charinus</i> chromosome fusion fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization heterochromatin nucleolar organizer region <i>Sarax</i> Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/2d335840ab124ccaaf9b75ccfe6bafea
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:2d335840ab124ccaaf9b75ccfe6bafea2021-11-25T16:19:38ZInsights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)10.3390/ani111132332076-2615https://doaj.org/article/2d335840ab124ccaaf9b75ccfe6bafea2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3233https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2615Whip spiders (Amblypygi) represent an ancient order of tetrapulmonate arachnids with a low diversity. Their cytogenetic data are confined to only a few reports. Here, we analyzed the family Charinidae, a lineage almost at the base of the amblypygids, providing an insight into the ancestral traits and basic trajectories of amblypygid karyotype evolution. We performed Giemsa staining, selected banding techniques, and detected 18S ribosomal DNA and telomeric repeats by fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization in four <i>Charinus</i> and five <i>Sarax</i> species. Both genera exhibit a wide range of diploid chromosome numbers (2<i>n</i> = 42–76 and 22–74 for <i>Charinus</i> and <i>Sarax</i>, respectively). The 2<i>n</i> reduction was accompanied by an increase of proportion of biarmed elements. We further revealed a single NOR site (probably an ancestral condition for charinids), the presence of a (TTAGG)<i><sub>n</sub></i> telomeric motif localized mostly at the chromosome ends, and an absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Our data collectively suggest a high pace of karyotype repatterning in amblypygids, with probably a high ancestral 2<i>n</i> and its subsequent gradual reduction by fusions, and the action of pericentric inversions, similarly to what has been proposed for neoamblypygids. The possible contribution of fissions to charinid karyotype repatterning, however, cannot be fully ruled out.Azucena Claudia Reyes LermaFrantišek ŠťáhlavskýMichael SeiterLeonela Zusel Carabajal PaladinoKlára DivišováMartin FormanAlexandr SemberJiří KrálMDPI AGarticle<i>Charinus</i>chromosome fusionfluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridizationheterochromatinnucleolar organizer region<i>Sarax</i>Veterinary medicineSF600-1100ZoologyQL1-991ENAnimals, Vol 11, Iss 3233, p 3233 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Charinus</i> chromosome fusion fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization heterochromatin nucleolar organizer region <i>Sarax</i> Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	<i>Charinus</i> chromosome fusion fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization heterochromatin nucleolar organizer region <i>Sarax</i> Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991 Azucena Claudia Reyes Lerma František Šťáhlavský Michael Seiter Leonela Zusel Carabajal Paladino Klára Divišová Martin Forman Alexandr Sember Jiří Král Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
description	Whip spiders (Amblypygi) represent an ancient order of tetrapulmonate arachnids with a low diversity. Their cytogenetic data are confined to only a few reports. Here, we analyzed the family Charinidae, a lineage almost at the base of the amblypygids, providing an insight into the ancestral traits and basic trajectories of amblypygid karyotype evolution. We performed Giemsa staining, selected banding techniques, and detected 18S ribosomal DNA and telomeric repeats by fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization in four <i>Charinus</i> and five <i>Sarax</i> species. Both genera exhibit a wide range of diploid chromosome numbers (2<i>n</i> = 42–76 and 22–74 for <i>Charinus</i> and <i>Sarax</i>, respectively). The 2<i>n</i> reduction was accompanied by an increase of proportion of biarmed elements. We further revealed a single NOR site (probably an ancestral condition for charinids), the presence of a (TTAGG)<i><sub>n</sub></i> telomeric motif localized mostly at the chromosome ends, and an absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Our data collectively suggest a high pace of karyotype repatterning in amblypygids, with probably a high ancestral 2<i>n</i> and its subsequent gradual reduction by fusions, and the action of pericentric inversions, similarly to what has been proposed for neoamblypygids. The possible contribution of fissions to charinid karyotype repatterning, however, cannot be fully ruled out.
format	article
author	Azucena Claudia Reyes Lerma František Šťáhlavský Michael Seiter Leonela Zusel Carabajal Paladino Klára Divišová Martin Forman Alexandr Sember Jiří Král
author_facet	Azucena Claudia Reyes Lerma František Šťáhlavský Michael Seiter Leonela Zusel Carabajal Paladino Klára Divišová Martin Forman Alexandr Sember Jiří Král
author_sort	Azucena Claudia Reyes Lerma
title	Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
title_short	Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
title_full	Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
title_fullStr	Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
title_full_unstemmed	Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
title_sort	insights into the karyotype evolution of charinidae, the early-diverging clade of whip spiders (arachnida: amblypygi)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/2d335840ab124ccaaf9b75ccfe6bafea
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Insights into the Karyotype Evolution of Charinidae, the Early-Diverging Clade of Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

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